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Dutch elm disease in Austria

机译：奥地利的荷兰榆病

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Dutch elm disease (DED) has first been recorded in Austria in 1928 and subsequently caused severe damage to elms in this country. In the 1990s studies on the incidence and geographical distribution of Ophiostoma ulmi and the subspecies of O. novo-ulmi in Austria have been initiated. Additionally, efforts were made to identify hybrids between these subspecies. In this paper we present a synthesis of this research and review the history and impact of DED in Austria. By the 1990s only O. novo-ulmi was present in Austria and O. ulmi had already disappeared. Based on its unique colony morphology and its female sterility, one isolate is suspected of being a hybrid or introgressant between O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi. Both subspecies of O. novo-ulmi were detected in Austria, with ssp. novo-ulmi occurring more frequently than ssp. americana, and their ranges overlap, which suggests that they hybridize in this part of Europe. Examination of seven isolates of O. novo-ulmi for their fertility response as donor to authenticated isolates of O. novo- ulmi and by PCR-RFLP of the cerato-ulmin (cu) gene and colony type (col1) gene have unequivocally shown that genetic recombination occurs between ssp. novo-ulmi and ssp. americana and that Austria forms part of a hybrid zone between O. novo-ulmi ssp. novo-ulmi and O. novo-ulmi ssp. americana.
机译：荷兰榆病（DED）最早于1928年在奥地利记录下来，随后对该国的榆树造成了严重破坏。在1990年代，已开始对奥地利的Ophiostoma ulmi以及O. novo-ulmi的亚种的发生和地理分布进行研究。另外，努力鉴定这些亚种之间的杂种。在本文中，我们提供了这项研究的综述，并回顾了DED在奥地利的历史和影响。到1990年代，只有O. novo-ulmi存在于奥地利，而O. ulmi已经消失了。基于其独特的菌落形态和雌性不育，怀疑一种分离株是O. ulmi和O. novo-ulmi之间的杂种或渐渗种。在奥地利发现了O. novo-ulmi的两个亚种，并带有ssp。新-ulmi的发生率比ssp高。美洲，其范围重叠，这表明它们在欧洲的这一地区杂交。验证了七个新奥米氏菌的繁殖力，作为经鉴定的新奥米氏菌的供体，并通过cerat-ulmin（cu）基因和菌落类型（col1）基因的PCR-RFLP明确表明： ssp之间发生基因重组。 noul-ulmi和ssp。美洲和奥地利构成了O. novo-ulmi ssp之间的混合区。 novo-ulmi和O.novo-ulmi ssp。美国。

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