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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution >Multiple external seed dispersers challenge the megafaunal syndrome anachronism and the surrogate ecological function of livestock
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Multiple external seed dispersers challenge the megafaunal syndrome anachronism and the surrogate ecological function of livestock

机译：多种外部种子分散剂对大型动物综合症的时代性和牲畜的替代生态功能提出了挑战

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The dispersal of many large-seeded plants is thought to have been handicapped by the extinction of megafauna in the late Pleistocene, and due to the ongoing defaunation of the largest of the extant dispersers. Oversized fruits defined as “megafaunal” provide variable amounts of flesh even though many of them cannot be ingested entirely, nor their seeds defecated, by any extant vertebrate. This apparent mismatch lead to the hypothesis of anachronisms involving extinct megafauna as dispersal-mediated selective agents on fruit traits shaped through endozoochory. It has been suggested that free-ranging livestock partially supply the dispersal functions previously provided by those globally or regionally extinct species. However, there is little knowledge on the role of livestock as a surrogate for megafauna dispersal agents relative to living wild dispersers. Here, we focus on seed dispersal of six palm species (Attalea eichleri, Attalea barreirensis, Attalea speciosa, Attalea princeps, Mauritia flexuosa, Acrocomia totai) with large fruits that conform to the so-called “megafaunal syndrome”. Data on seed dispersal were obtained by observations and camera trapping in the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazonia biomes in Bolivia and Brazil. Rich communities of wild seed dispersers differing among palm species and study areas were recorded, including rodents, monkeys, canids and a wide variety of birds, especially parrots. Long-distance primary dispersal was mainly conducted by parrots, while multiple species acted as short- and medium-distance secondary dispersers. Among livestock, dispersal was limited to seeds of A. totai and A. princeps moved by several species through stomatochory and endozoochory (mainly regurgitation). These results show that the large seeds can be efficiently dispersed externally by a wide array of present-day vertebrates of variable size but much smaller than extinct megafauna and livestock. A knowledge gap of the natural history of these and other plants with oversized fruits assumed to be maladapted for contemporary dispersal may have been partially favoured by neglecting some key disperser guilds (e.g. parrots) and dispersal mechanisms (e.g. ectoozochory). The evaluation of historic and ongoing defaunation of key external dispersers is advocated to understand the influence of actual (rather than putative) dispersers on contemporary frugivore-plant mutualistic interactions.
机译：人们认为，许多大型种子植物的散播由于更新世晚期大型动物的灭绝而受到阻碍，并且由于最大的现存散播器的持续销毁而受到阻碍。被定义为“大型动物”的超大型水果提供了可变数量的果肉，即使其中的许多无法被任何现存的脊椎动物完全摄入，也无法排泄种子。这种明显的失配导致了关于已灭绝的大型动物的过时性的假说，这些大型动物作为对通过内吞形成的水果性状的传播介导的选择剂。已经提出，放养牲畜部分地提供了以前由那些全球性或区域性灭绝物种提供的扩散功能。但是，相对于活的野生分散剂，关于牲畜作为大型动物分散剂的替代物的作用的知识很少。在这里，我们着重研究六种棕榈树种子的分布情况（Attalea eichleri，Attalea barreirensis，Attalea speciosa，Attalea princeps，Mauritia flexuosa，Acrocomia totai），这些果实具有所谓的“大型真菌综合症”。通过观察和相机捕获在玻利维亚和巴西的塞拉多，潘塔纳尔和亚马孙生物群落中获得了种子传播的数据。记录了棕榈种子和研究区域之间不同的野生种子分散剂的丰富群落，包括啮齿动物，猴子，犬科动物和各种各样的鸟类，尤其是鹦鹉。长距离一次扩散主要由鹦鹉进行，而多种物种充当中短距离二次扩散。在牲畜中，散播仅限于几种物种通过气孔和气管内（主要是反流）移动的A. totai和A. princeps的种子。这些结果表明，大型种子可以被当今各种大小不等但比灭绝的大型动物和牲畜小得多的脊椎动物有效地散布在外部。忽略一些关键的分散器行会（例如鹦鹉）和分散器机制（例如外部昆虫学），可能会部分地弥补了这些以及其他植物的自然历史的知识空白，这些知识可能被认为不适合当代传播。提倡对历史上和正在进行中的关键外部分散剂的破坏进行评估，以了解实际（而不是推定的）分散剂对当代果肉植物相互关系的影响。

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