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Processing Presuppositions and Implicatures: Similarities and Differences

机译：处理预设和暗示：异同

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Presuppositions and Scalar implicatures are traditionally considered to be distinct phenomena, but recent approaches analyze certain Presuppositions as Scalar Implicatures. All else being equal, this a??Scalar Implicature approach to Presuppositionsa?? predicts uniform behavior for the two types of inferences. Initial experimental studies comparing them yielded conflicting results. While some found a difference in the Response Time patterns of Scalar Implicatures and Presuppositions, others found them to be uniform. We argue that the difference in outcomes is attributable to a difference in the type of response being measured: Response Times associated with acceptance and rejection responses seem to pattern in opposite ways. Next, we report on a series of experiments to support this, and to compare the behavior of Presuppositions and Scalar Implicature more comprehensively. Experiments Ia and Ib look at both acceptance and rejection responses for both inference types, and find uniform patterns once the acceptance vs. rejection variable is factored in. Experiment II adds a new dimension by testing for the influence of prosody on the two inference types, and in this regard clear difference between them emerge, posing a first substantive challenge to the Scalar Implicature approach to Presuppositions. A third set of experiments investigates yet another prediction: according to the Scalar Implicature approach to Presuppositions, the presuppositional inference is introduced as a simple entailment in affirmative contexts. This predicts that these presuppositional inferences behave parallel to other entailments. But in Experiment IIIa, a comparison of rejections of affirmative sentences based on either their presuppositional inference or their entailed content finds them to differ, with greater Response Times for the former. As an additional control, Experiments IIIb and IIIc test for parallel differences between two entailments associated with always, which yield uniform results. In sum, while Experiments Ia and Ib are in line with previous findings that Presuppositions and Scalar Implicatures under negation show uniform response time patterns, the differences found in Experiments II IIIa-c pose a substantial challenge to approaches assimilating Presuppositions and Scalar Implicatures, while being entirely in line with the traditional perspective of seeing the two phenomena as distinct.
机译：传统上将预设和标量隐含视为不同的现象，但是最近的方法将某些预设作为标量隐含进行分析。在所有其他条件相同的情况下，这种“预设的标量隐含方法”？预测两种推理的统一行为。最初的实验研究将它们进行比较得出了矛盾的结果。虽然有些人发现标量含蓄和预设的响应时间模式有所不同，但其他人发现它们是统一的。我们认为结果的差异是由于所测量的响应类型不同而引起的：与接受和拒绝响应相关的响应时间似乎以相反的方式出现。接下来，我们报告一系列实验以支持这一点，并更全面地比较预设和标量隐含的行为。实验Ia和Ib研究了两种推断类型的接受和拒绝响应，并在考虑了接受与拒绝变量后找到统一的模式。实验II通过测试韵律对两种推断类型的影响，增加了新的维度，在这方面，它们之间出现了明显的区别，这对标量隐含方法对前提提出了第一个实质性挑战。第三组实验研究了另一个预测：根据对预设的标量隐含方法，将预设推论作为肯定语境中的简单蕴涵引入。这预示了这些前提假设的行为与其他情况平行。但是在实验IIIa中，根据肯定句的预设推论或所包含的内容对肯定句的拒绝进行比较，发现它们有所不同，前者的响应时间更长。作为额外的对照，实验IIIb和IIIc测试了始终关联的两个物件之间的平行差异，这产生了一致的结果。总而言之，虽然实验Ia和Ib与先前的发现一致，即否定下的预设和标量隐含物表现出一致的响应时间模式，但实验II IIIa-c中发现的差异对吸收预设和标量隐含物的方法构成了巨大挑战。完全符合将两种现象区别对待的传统观点。

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