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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Microbiology >On the Stability of Deinoxanthin Exposed to Mars Conditions during a Long-Term Space Mission and Implications for Biomarker Detection on Other Planets
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On the Stability of Deinoxanthin Exposed to Mars Conditions during a Long-Term Space Mission and Implications for Biomarker Detection on Other Planets

机译：长期在太空任务中暴露于火星条件下的地黄嘌呤的稳定性及其对其他行星生物标志物检测的意义

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Outer space, the final frontier, is a hostile and unforgiving place for any form of life as we know it. The unique environment of space allows for a close simulation of Mars surface conditions that cannot be simulated as accurately on the Earth. For this experiment, we tested the resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans to survive exposure to simulated Mars-like conditions in low-Earth orbit for a prolonged period of time as part of the Biology and Mars experiment (BIOMEX) project. Special focus was placed on the integrity of the carotenoid deinoxanthin, which may serve as a potential biomarker to search for remnants of life on other planets. Survival was investigated by evaluating colony forming units, damage inflicted to the 16S rRNA gene by quantitative PCR, and the integrity and detectability of deinoxanthin by Raman spectroscopy. Exposure to space conditions had a strong detrimental effect on the survival of the strains and the 16S rRNA integrity, yet results show that deinoxanthin survives exposure to conditions as they prevail on Mars. Solar radiation is not only strongly detrimental to the survival and 16S rRNA integrity but also to the Raman signal of deinoxanthin. Samples not exposed to solar radiation showed only minuscule signs of deterioration. To test whether deinoxanthin is able to withstand the tested parameters without the protection of the cell, it was extracted from cell homogenate and exposed to high/low temperatures, vacuum, germicidal UV-C radiation, and simulated solar radiation. Results obtained by Raman investigations showed a strong resistance of deinoxanthin against outer space and Mars conditions, with the only exception of the exposure to simulated solar radiation. Therefore, deinoxanthin proved to be a suitable easily detectable biomarker for the search of Earth-like organic pigment-containing life on other planets.
机译：我们知道，外太空是最后的疆界，对任何形式的生活都是充满敌意和不容忍的地方。独特的太空环境可以对火星表面状况进行严密模拟，而在地球上无法如此精确地模拟。在本实验中，作为生物学和火星实验（BIOMEX）项目的一部分，我们测试了放线菌（Deinococcus radiodurans）在长时间暴露于低地球轨道的模拟火星状条件下的抵抗力。重点放在了类胡萝卜素脱黄嘌呤的完整性上，它可能是寻找其他星球上剩余生物的潜在生物标记。通过评估菌落形成单位，通过定量PCR对16S rRNA基因造成的损害以及通过拉曼光谱法对去黄嘌呤的完整性和可检测性评估生存率。暴露于空间条件对菌株的存活和16S rRNA完整性具有强烈的不利影响，但结果表明，去黄嘌呤在暴露于火星的条件下仍能幸免于暴露。太阳辐射不仅严重损害存活率和16S rRNA完整性，而且还损害了去黄嘌呤的拉曼信号。未暴露在太阳辐射下的样品仅显示出微小的劣化迹象。为了测试去黄嘌呤是否能够在不保护细胞的情况下承受测试的参数，将其从细胞匀浆中提取并暴露于高温/低温，真空，UV-C杀菌和模拟太阳辐射下。拉曼研究获得的结果表明，除黄嘌呤对外界空间和火星条件具有很强的抵抗力，唯一的例外是暴露于模拟太阳辐射下。因此，事实证明去黄嘌呤是一种合适的易于检测的生物标记物，用于寻找其他行星上的类地球有机物。

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