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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Microbiology >Temporal Effects on Internal Fluorescence Emissions Associated with Aflatoxin Contamination from Corn Kernel Cross-Sections Inoculated with Toxigenic and Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus
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Temporal Effects on Internal Fluorescence Emissions Associated with Aflatoxin Contamination from Corn Kernel Cross-Sections Inoculated with Toxigenic and Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus

机译：产毒和产毒黄曲霉接种玉米籽粒截面对黄曲霉毒素污染相关内部荧光发射的时间影响

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Non-invasive, easy to use and cost-effective technology offers a valuable alternative for rapid detection of carcinogenic fungal metabolites, namely aflatoxins, in commodities. One relatively recent development in this area is the use of spectral technology. Fluorescence hyperspectral imaging, in particular, offers a potential rapid and non-invasive method for detecting the presence of aflatoxins in maize infected with the toxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus . Earlier studies have shown that whole maize kernels contaminated with aflatoxins exhibit different spectral signatures from uncontaminated kernels based on the external fluorescence emission of the whole kernels. Here, the effect of time on the internal fluorescence spectral emissions from cross-sections of kernels infected with toxigenic and atoxigenic A. flavus , were examined in order to elucidate the interaction between the fluorescence signals emitted by some aflatoxin contaminated maize kernels and the fungal invasion resulting in the production of aflatoxins. First, the difference in internal fluorescence emissions between cross-sections of kernels incubated in toxigenic and atoxigenic inoculum was assessed. Kernels were inoculated with each strain for 5, 7, and 9 days before cross-sectioning and imaging. There were 270 kernels (540 halves) imaged, including controls. Second, in a different set of kernels (15 kernels/group; 135 total), the germ of each kernel was separated from the endosperm to determine the major areas of aflatoxin accumulation and progression over nine growth days. Kernels were inoculated with toxigenic and atoxigenic fungal strains for 5, 7, and 9 days before the endosperm and germ were separated, followed by fluorescence hyperspectral imaging and chemical aflatoxin determination. A marked difference in fluorescence intensity was shown between the toxigenic and atoxigenic strains on day nine post-inoculation, which may be a useful indicator of the location of aflatoxin contamination. This finding suggests that both, the fluorescence peak shift and intensity as well as timing, may be essential in distinguishing toxigenic and atoxigenic fungi based on spectral features. Results also reveal a possible preferential difference in the internal colonization of maize kernels between the toxigenic and atoxigenic strains of A. flavus suggesting a potential window for differentiating the strains based on fluorescence spectra at specific time points.
机译：非侵入性，易于使用且具有成本效益的技术为快速检测商品中致癌性真菌代谢产物即黄曲霉毒素提供了一种有价值的替代方法。该领域中相对较新的发展是频谱技术的使用。尤其是，荧光高光谱成像提供了一种潜在的快速且非侵入性的方法，用于检测感染了产毒真菌黄曲霉的玉米中黄曲霉毒素的存在。早期的研究表明，基于黄曲霉毒素污染的整个玉米籽粒，基于整个玉米粒的外部荧光发射，与未污染的玉米粒表现出不同的光谱特征。在这里，研究了时间对产毒和产毒黄曲霉感染的籽粒横截面内部荧光光谱发射的影响，以阐明某些黄曲霉毒素污染的玉米粒发出的荧光信号与真菌入侵之间的相互作用。导致黄曲霉毒素的产生。首先，评估了在产毒和产毒接种物中孵育的籽粒横截面之间内部荧光发射的差异。在横截面和成像之前，将每种菌株的核分别接种5、7和9天。成像了270个内核（540个半），包括控件。其次，在一组不同的谷粒中（每组15个谷粒;共135个），将每个谷粒的胚芽与胚乳分离，以确定黄曲霉毒素在9个生长日中积累和发展的主要区域。在分离胚乳和胚芽之前，分别用产毒和产毒真菌菌株对核分别接种5天，7天和9天，然后进行荧光高光谱成像和化学黄曲霉毒素测定。接种后第9天，产毒菌株和产毒菌株之间显示出明显的荧光强度差异，这可能是黄曲霉毒素污染位置的有用指标。这一发现表明，荧光峰的移动和强度以及时间，对于基于光谱特征区分产毒真菌和产毒真菌可能都是必不可少的。结果还揭示了黄曲霉的产毒和产毒菌株在玉米粒内部定植中可能存在优先差异，这表明基于特定时间点荧光光谱区分菌株的潜在窗口。

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