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Biodiversity in Marine Ecosystems—European Developments toward Robust Assessments

机译：海洋生态系统中的生物多样性-欧洲对稳健评估的发展

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Sustainability of marine ecosystems and their services are dependent on marine biodiversity, which is threatened worldwide. Biodiversity protection is a major target of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive, requiring assessment of the status of biodiversity on the level of species, habitats, and ecosystems including genetic diversity and the role of biodiversity in food web functioning and structure. This paper provides a summary of the development of new indicators and refinement of existing ones in order to address some of the observed gaps in indicator availability for marine biodiversity assessments considering genetic, species, habitat, and ecosystem levels. Promising new indicators are available addressing genetic diversity of microbial and benthic communities. Novel indicators to assess biodiversity and food webs associated with habitats formed by keystone species (such as macroalgae) as well as to map benthic habitats (such as biogenic reefs) using high resolution habitat characterization were developed. We also discuss the advances made on indicators for detecting impacts of non-native invasive species and assessing the structure and functioning of marine food-webs. The latter are based on indicators showing the effects of fishing on trophic level and size distribution of fish and elasmobranch communities well as phytoplankton and zooplankton community structure as food web indicators. New and refined indicators are ranked based on quality criteria). Their applicability for various EU and global biodiversity assessments and the need for further development of new indicators and refinement of the existing ones is discussed.
机译：海洋生态系统及其服务的可持续性取决于海洋生物多样性，而海洋生物多样性在世界范围内受到威胁。生物多样性保护是欧盟海洋战略框架指令的主要目标，要求在物种，生境和生态系统的水平上评估生物多样性的状况，包括遗传多样性以及生物多样性在食物网功能和结构中的作用。本文总结了新指标的开发和现有指标的改进，以解决在考虑遗传，物种，栖息地和生态系统水平的情况下，海洋生物多样性评估指标可利用性方面的一些差距。关于微生物和底栖生物群落遗传多样性的新指标很有希望。开发了新的指标来评估与关键物种（如大型藻类）形成的生境相关的生物多样性和食物网，以及使用高分辨率生境特征绘制底栖生境（如生物礁）。我们还将讨论在检测非本地入侵物种的影响以及评估海洋食物网的结构和功能的指标方面取得的进展。后者是基于指标，这些指标显示了捕鱼对鱼类和弹bra群落营养水平和大小分布的影响，以及作为食物网指标的浮游植物和浮游动物群落结构的影响。根据质量标准对新的和完善的指标进行排名。讨论了它们在各种欧盟和全球生物多样性评估中的适用性，以及进一步开发新指标和完善现有指标的必要性。

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