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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Public Health >Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health
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Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health

机译：跨世纪的疫苗：全球卫生的主要基石

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Multiple cornerstones have shaped the history of vaccines, which may contain live-attenuated viruses, inactivated organisms/viruses, inactivated toxins, or merely segments of the pathogen that could elicit an immune response. The story began with Hippocrates 400 B.C. with his description of mumps and diphtheria. No further discoveries were recorded until 1100 A.D. when the smallpox vaccine was described. During the eighteenth century, vaccines for cholera and yellow fever were reported and Edward Jenner, the father of vaccination and immunology, published his work on smallpox. The nineteenth century was a major landmark, with the “Germ Theory of disease” of Louis Pasteur, the discovery of the germ tubercle bacillus for tuberculosis by Robert Koch, and the isolation of pneumococcus organism by George Miller Sternberg. Another landmark was the discovery of diphtheria toxin by Emile Roux and its serological treatment by Emil Von Behring and Paul Ehrlih. In addition, Pasteur was able to generate the first live-attenuated viral vaccine against rabies. Typhoid vaccines were then developed, followed by the plague vaccine of Yersin. At the beginning of World War I, the tetanus toxoid was introduced, followed in 1915 by the pertussis vaccine. In 1974, The Expanded Program of Immunization was established within the WHO for bacille Calmette–Guerin, Polio, DTP, measles, yellow fever, and hepatitis B. The year 1996 witnessed the launching of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. In 1988, the WHO passed a resolution to eradicate polio by the year 2000 and in 2006; the first vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was developed. In 2010, “The Decade of vaccines” was launched, and on April 1st 2012, the United Nations launched the “shot@Life” campaign. In brief, the armamentarium of vaccines continues to grow with more emphasis on safety, availability, and accessibility. This mini review highlights the major historical events and pioneers in the course of development of vaccines, which have eradicated so many life-threatening diseases, despite the vaccination attitudes and waves appearing through history.
机译：多个基础已经塑造了疫苗的历史，其中可能包含减毒活病毒，灭活的生物/病毒，灭活的毒素，或者仅仅是可能引起免疫反应的病原体的片段。故事始于公元前400年的希波克拉底。他对腮腺炎和白喉的描述。直到公元1100年描述天花疫苗时才记录进一步的发现。在18世纪，曾报道过霍乱和黄热病疫苗，疫苗接种和免疫学之父爱德华·詹纳（Edward Jenner）发表了有关天花的著作。 19世纪是一个重要的里程碑，路易·巴斯德（Louis Pasteur）的“疾病病原学说”，罗伯特·科赫（Robert Koch）发现了用于结核病的细菌性芽孢杆菌，以及乔治·米勒·斯特恩伯格（George Miller Sternberg）分离了肺炎球菌。另一个里程碑是埃米尔·鲁克斯（Emile Roux）发现了白喉毒素，埃米尔·冯·贝林（Emil Von Behring）和保罗·埃里（Paul Ehrlih）对其进行了血清学治疗。此外，巴斯德能够生产出首个针对狂犬病的减毒活疫苗。然后开发了伤寒疫苗，接着是耶尔森鼠疫疫苗。第一次世界大战开始时，出现了破伤风类毒素，随后在1915年引入了百日咳疫苗。 1974年，在世界卫生组织内为卡麦特-格林，小儿麻痹症，滴滴涕，麻疹，黄热病和乙型肝炎建立了扩大的免疫规划。1996年见证了国际艾滋病疫苗倡议的启动。 1988年，世界卫生组织通过了一项决议，要求在2000年和2006年之前根除脊髓灰质炎;开发了第一个预防子宫颈癌的疫苗。 2010年启动了“疫苗十年”，2012年4月1日，联合国发起了“ shot @ Life”运动。简而言之，疫苗的武器库继续增长，更加注重安全性，可用性和可及性。这篇简短的综述着重介绍了疫苗开发过程中的重大历史事件和开创者，这些疫苗消灭了许多威胁生命的疾病，尽管历史上出现了疫苗接种的态度和浪潮。

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