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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Neuroscience >Circuits Regulating Pleasure and Happiness: The Evolution of the Amygdalar-Hippocampal-Habenular Connectivity in Vertebrates
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Circuits Regulating Pleasure and Happiness: The Evolution of the Amygdalar-Hippocampal-Habenular Connectivity in Vertebrates

机译：调节快乐和幸福的电路：脊椎动物中的杏仁核-海马-羽状连接的演变。

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Appetitive-searching (reward-seeking) and distress-avoiding (misery-fleeing) behavior are essential for all free moving animals to stay alive and to have offspring. Therefore, even the oldest ocean-dwelling animal creatures, living about 560 million years ago and human ancestors, must have been capable of generating these behaviors. The current article describes the evolution of the forebrain with special reference to the development of the misery-fleeing system. Although, the earliest vertebrate ancestor already possessed a dorsal pallium, which corresponds to the human neocortex, the structure and function of the neocortex was acquired quite recently within the mammalian evolutionary line. Up to, and including, amphibians, the dorsal pallium can be considered to be an extension of the medial pallium, which later develops into the hippocampus. The ventral and lateral pallium largely go up into the corticoid part of the amygdala. The striatopallidum of these early vertebrates becomes extended amygdala, consisting of centromedial amygdala (striatum) connected with the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pallidum). This amygdaloid system gives output to hypothalamus and brainstem, but also a connection with the cerebral cortex exists, which in part was created after the development of the more recent cerebral neocortex. Apart from bidirectional connectivity with the hippocampal complex, this route can also be considered to be an output channel as the fornix connects the hippocampus with the medial septum, which is the most important input structure of the medial habenula. The medial habenula regulates the activity of midbrain structures adjusting the intensity of the misery-fleeing response. Within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis the human homolog of the ancient lateral habenula-projecting globus pallidus may exist; this structure is important for the evaluation of efficacy of the reward-seeking response. The described organization offers a framework for the regulation of the stress response, including the medial habenula and the subgenual cingulate cortex, in which dysfunction may explain the major symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders.
机译：搜寻性搜寻（奖励）和避免痛苦（逃离痛苦）的行为对于所有自由活动的动物生存和繁殖都至关重要。因此，即使是生活在大约5.6亿年前的最古老的海洋动物和人类祖先，也必须能够产生这些行为。当前的文章描述了前脑的发展，并特别提到了苦难逃离体系的发展。尽管最早的脊椎动物祖先已经拥有与人类新皮层相对应的背部皮层，但新皮层的结构和功能是在哺乳动物进化系中获得的。直到两栖动物（包括两栖动物），其背面皮层都可以被认为是内侧皮层的延伸，后来又发展成海马体。腹侧和外侧皮层大部分向上进入杏仁核的皮质部分。这些早期脊椎动物的纹状体变为延伸的杏仁核，由与末端纹状体（苍白球）的床核连接的中央杏仁核（纹状体）组成。该杏仁状体系统向下丘脑和脑干提供输出，但也存在与大脑皮层的连接，这种连接部分是在较新的大脑新皮层的发展之后产生的。除了与海马复合体的双向连通性外，该路径还可以被视为一条输出通道，因为穹the将海马体与内侧中隔相连，这是内侧sep管最重要的输入结构。内侧ha调节中脑结构的活性，调节苦难逃避反应的强度。在纹状体末端的床核内，可能存在着古代侧向哈贝努拉投射苍白苍白球的人类同源物。这种结构对于评估寻求奖励反应的功效很重要。所描述的组织提供了调节压力反应的框架，包括内侧哈贝努尔和舌下扣带回皮层，其中功能障碍可以解释情绪和焦虑症的主要症状。

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