Estrogen Signaling Is Conserved During Evolution Enhancing Its Biomedical Significance.

Kirk Mantione

摘要

Dear Editor, The term estrogen includes thirty hormones, of which the mostknown are estriol, estrone, and estradiol. In females they are produced primarily in the ovaries [1].Besides their well established actions on reproductive functions, estrogens exert a variety of actionson many regions of the nervous system that influences cognition, pain mechanisms, fine motor skills,mood as well as a susceptibility to seizures [2,3]. Estrogen hormones are produced in males as well [2,3].The role it plays in men is somewhat unclear unless it is viewed as another chemical messenger transcendingits role in reproduction. This last insight appears to be true since this signaling family, includinga mammalian-like estrogen receptor exhibiting high sequence identity with its human counterpart, is foundin invertebrates [4-7]. In these reports 17ss-estradiol was identified in invertebrate neural tissueswhere it was shown to be coupled to nitric oxide production by constitutive nitric oxide synthase. Additionally,the investigators found this last phenomenon was associated with estrogen cell surface receptors, therebyidentifying a non-genomic role for these signaling molecules. Since this signaling was found in neuraltissues the authors went on to demonstrate that estrogen participates in signaling initiating microglialdown regulation. Thus it would appear estrogen is involved in activities that can be identified as non-reproductive.Furthermore, given nitric oxide's involvement in cell growth/cancer a link is established between estrogenand neoplastic growths (see [3,8]). The history of neurobiology has repeatedly demonstrated the valueof invertebrates as model and economical systems. This now is true for examining estrogen signaling inorganisms that evolved hundreds of millions of years ago [4,9,10]. Interestingly, not only is estrogensignaling conserved but its function in reproductive, neural, and immune activities as well [4,5,11-13].Any perturbation of estrogen signaling (i.e. enhancing or diminishing the signal) could dramaticallyimpact the health of an animal. Estrogen mimicking is present in the environment not only impacting onthe development of animals but also implicated in changes to gametes [14]. The significance of this isthat this chemical messenger must be meeting an important biological requirement that impacts health.References: 1. Jones DA, Cho JJ, Salamon E, Stefano GB: Risk factors for breast cancer and the prognosisof African American women: estrogen's role. Med Sci Monit, 2003; 9: RA110-RA118 2. Cho JJ, Cadet P, SalamonE et al: The nongenomic protective effects of estrogen on the male cardiovascular system: clinical andtherapeutic implications in aging men. Med Sci Monit, 2003; 9: RA63-RA68 3. Cho JJ, Ianucci FA, FraileM et al: The role of estrogen in neuroprotection: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. NeuroendocrinologyLetters, 2003; 24: 141-47 4. Stefano GB, Cadet P, Mantione K et al: Estrogen Signaling at the Cell SurfaceCoupled to Nitric Oxide Release in Mytilus edulis Nervous System. Endocrinology, 2003; 144: 1234-40 5.Stefano GB, Zhu W, Mantione K et al: 17-b-estradiol down regulates ganglionic microglial cells via nitricoxide release: Presence of a fragment for estrogen receptor b. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 2003; 24:130-36 6. Stefano GB: Estrogen Genomic and Nongenomic Signaling Processes May Really Be Working In Harmony.Neuroendocrinology Letters, 2003; 24: 128-29 7. Zhu W, Mantione K, Jones D et al: The Presence of 17-bestradiol in Mytilus edulis Gonadal Tissues: Evidence for Estradiol Isoforms. Neuroendocrinology Letters,2003; 24: 137-40 8. Rasmussen M, Zhu W, Tonnesen J et al: Effects of morphine on tumour growth. NeuroendocrinologyLetters, 2002; 23: 193-98 9. Di Cosmo A, Di Cristo C, Paolucci M: A estradiol-17beta receptor in thereproductive system of the female of Octopus vulgaris: characterization and immunolocalization. Mol ReprodDev, 2002; 61: 367-75 10. Thornton JW, Need E, Crews D: Resurrecting

机译：尊敬的编辑，雌激素一词包括三十种激素，其中最著名的是雌三醇，雌酮和雌二醇。在女性中，它们主要在卵巢中产生[1]。除了对生殖功能的公认作用外，雌激素还对神经系统的许多区域产生各种作用，这些作用影响认知，疼痛机制，精细运动技能，情绪以及神经元。癫痫发作的易感性[2,3]。男性也产生雌激素[2,3]。除非它被认为是另一个超越生殖的化学信使，否则它在男性中的作用还不清楚。由于在哺乳动物的无脊椎动物中发现了这个信号家族，包括与人类对应物具有高度序列同一性的哺乳动物样雌激素受体，因此这一最后见解似乎是正确的[4-7]。在这些报告中，在无脊椎动物的神经组织中发现了17ss-雌二醇，它被证明与组成型一氧化氮合酶产生的一氧化氮有关。另外，研究人员发现最后一种现象与雌激素细胞表面受体有关，从而确定了这些信号分子的非基因组作用。由于这种信号是在神经组织中发现的，因此作者继续证明雌激素参与了引发小胶质细胞下调的信号传导。因此，似乎雌激素参与了可以被确定为非生殖的活动。此外，鉴于一氧化氮参与细胞生长/癌症，在雌激素和肿瘤生长之间建立了联系（见[3,8]）。神经生物学的历史已经反复证明了无脊椎动物作为模型和经济系统的价值。现在，这对于检查数亿年前进化的雌激素信号传递生物是正确的[4,9,10]。有趣的是，不仅雌激素信号传导得以保留，而且在生殖，神经和免疫活动中也起作用[4,5,11-13]。任何对雌激素信号的干扰（即增强或减弱信号）都可能极大地影响动物的健康。。模拟雌激素的存在不仅影响动物的发育，而且还涉及配子的变化[14]。这样做的意义在于，该化学信使必须满足影响健康的重要生物学要求。参考文献：1. Jones DA，Cho JJ，Salamon E，Stefano GB：乳腺癌和非裔美国女性预后的危险因素：雌激素的作用。 Med Sci Monit，2003; 9：RA110-RA118 2. Cho JJ，Cadet P，SalamonE等：雌激素对男性心血管系统的非基因组保护作用：对衰老男性的临床和治疗意义。 Med Sci Monit，2003; 9：RA63-RA68 3. Cho JJ，Ianucci FA，FraileM等人：雌激素在神经保护中的作用：对神经退行性疾病的影响。《神经内分泌学函》，2003年; 24：141-47 4. Stefano GB，Cadet P，Mantione K等：细胞表面的雌激素信号传导与可食性紫癜神经系统中的一氧化氮释放耦合。内分泌学，2003; 144：1234-40 5.Stefano GB，Zhu W，Mantione K等：17-b-雌二醇通过一氧化氮释放来调节神经节小胶质细胞：存在雌激素受体b的片段。《神经内分泌快报》，2003年; 24：130-36 6. Stefano GB：雌激素基因组和非基因组信号传导过程可能确实协调工作。神经内分泌快报，2003年; 24：128-29 7. Zhu W，Mantione K，Jones D等：紫草性腺性腺组织中17-雌二醇的存在：雌二醇同工型的证据。神经内分泌快报，2003; 24：137-40 8. Rasmussen M，Zhu W，Tonnesen J等：吗啡对肿瘤生长的影响。《神经内分泌学通讯》，2002; 23：193-98 9. Di Cosmo A，Di Cristo C，Paolucci M：寻常八达通雌性生殖系统中的雌二醇17beta受体：表征和免疫定位。 Mol ReprodDev，2002年; 61：367-75 10.桑顿·JW，极品E，船员D：复活

Estrogen Signaling Is Conserved During Evolution Enhancing Its Biomedical Significance.

摘要

著录项

相似文献

相关主题

期刊订阅