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首页> 外文期刊>Khyber Medical University Journal >"IT TAKES A VILLAGE"….TOLERATING THE 'NEGATIVE STUDIES' TO ENCOURAGE TRUTHFULNESS IN RESEARCH
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"IT TAKES A VILLAGE"….TOLERATING THE 'NEGATIVE STUDIES' TO ENCOURAGE TRUTHFULNESS IN RESEARCH

机译：“它带了一个村庄”……容忍“消极研究”以鼓励研究的真实性

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In 1996 Hillary Rodham Clinton published her book "It takes a village". She borrowed this title from an African proverb "It takes a village to raise a child".1 In the same year during presidential election campaign, the republican nominee Bob Dole taunted on this title and said "... with all due respect, I am here to tell you, it does not take a village to raise a child. It takes a family to raise a child."2I agree to both these notions when arguing for encouraging truth in reporting the research results. I consider supervisors, consultants, co-investigators, statisticians, epidemiologist, colleagues and institution as 'the family' of a researcher. Likewise for me reviewers, editors and readers are 'the village' of researcher. I think all the family members and all the villagers have a responsibility towards inculcating truthfulness in reporting the results of research. If they do not understand their obligation, and take part in 'raising the researcher', we will have loads of suspicious, falsified or fabricated results and eventually we will lose our trust in 'evidence'.At the start of a research carrier every researcher learns from 'the family' and 'the village' that research starts with a hypothesis. A 'Null hypothesis' (Ho) is an 'answer in no' to the research question that reflects non-significant effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The researcher by research tries to disprove the null hypothesis; if the null hypothesis is rejected that means there is statistical evidence for acceptance of the alternate hypothesis. An alternate hypothesis is, therefore, always required. An 'Alternate hypothesis' (Hi) in its simplest definition is an 'answer in yes' to the research question, a significant effect or relation, exactly what a researcher actually wants to achieve, thus creating a 'biased hypothesis'. Both these hypotheses work together, if a researcher does not have a null hypothesis the research is statistically invalid, if there is no alternate hypothesis the research lacks a conclusion.A researcher might think or may be told by 'the family' that in case 'Null' is not rejected the project will fail, the sky will fall, time and money will be wasted, the supervisor will be unhappy, the sponsors will be furious, examiners will be distraught and no journal will accept the article.3 Therefore in such cases a sympathetic family member (generally a statistician) is approached and requested to help in a way that the 'results become significant'. If this fails a family member with a 'criminal mind-set' steps in and the cycle of 'falsification & fabrication' sets in. The evidence gets flawed. The truthfulness in research is compromised.In my humble academic, research and medical journalism carrier I have rarely, if ever, seen an article, a dissertation or a final report failing to disprove the ?'Null hypothesis'. Does this mean that the 'Null' is always rejected in our setup? Is it scientific? Is it truthfulness? There are only two possibilities, and both are disastrous. First the Null is rejected by falsification or fabrication and the second that the researchers do not report negative studies due to myths of fears mentioned above.'Negative study' is a misnomer used for studies which fail to disprove the null. Actually a negative study simply means in the words of Edwin Carstensen (cited by Marino AA) "that a researcher looked for the wrong thing in the wrong place at the wrong time".4 However the sky does not fall. It has been my firm belief initially, and now a tested practice for the last many years that if we remove phobia of so called 'negative research' from the minds of researchers we can have truthfulness in research results.I advocate to 'the families' and 'villagers' of all current and future researchers to raise their child with no fear of acceptance of the null. Mentor them to go for 'the win' using best of the resources, but teach them not to be 'bad losers' if that is the situation. ?We all need to know and to propagate that failure to reject the null hypothesis is not bad. The research did not fail, it actually succeeded. We failed to give a difference, correlation, cause or effect, but we added important knowledge to the cumulative knowledge of the village. No one else will waste time, no more time or money will be wasted. There is a role of supervisors, consultants, co-investigators, statisticians, epidemiologist, colleagues, institutions, reviewers, editors and readers in rooting out this myth that in my opinion is the root cause of falsification and fabrication in research. We must tell the researchers that if the null is not disproved still the study is valid.As far as publishing the 'negative studies' is concerned I fully endorse the pre requisite suggested by Bruce G Charlton that "to be worth publishing as a neg
机译：1996年，希拉里·罗德姆·克林顿（Hillary Rodham Clinton）出版了她的书《它需要一个村庄》。她借用了这个称号来自非洲谚语的“这需要一个村庄养大一个孩子” 的 1 在期间的总统竞选同年，共和党总统候选人鲍勃·多尔嘲弄上这个标题，然后说“ ......谨此致敬，我在这里告诉你，村庄不需要抚养孩子。家庭抚养孩子不需要。” 2 在主张鼓励报道研究结果的事实时，我同意这两种观点。我认为主管，顾问，共同调查员，统计学家，流行病学家，同事和机构是研究人员的“家庭”。对我而言，评论者，编辑和读者也是研究人员的“村庄”。我认为所有家庭成员和所有村民都有责任在报告研究结果时灌输真实性。如果他们不了解自己的义务，并参加“培养研究人员” ，我们将有大量可疑，伪造或捏造的结果，最终我们将对“证据”失去信任。研究载体的开始，每个研究者从“家庭”和“村庄”那里学习到，研究始于假设。 '无效假设'（Ho）是对研究问题的“否定答案”，反映了自变量对因变量的非显着影响。研究人员通过研究试图证明原假设。如果原假设被拒绝，则意味着有统计证据接受替代假设。因此，始终需要一个备用的假设。最简单的定义是“替代假设” （Hi），它是对研究问题的“肯定答案”，是一种重要的影响或联系，正是研究人员实际想要实现的目标，因此创建了“有偏见的假设”。这两个假设共同起作用，如果研究人员没有无效假设，那么研究在统计上是无效的;如果没有其他假设，则研究缺乏结论。研究者可能会认为或可能被“家庭”告知，如果“ Null'不被拒绝，项目将失败，天空将倒塌，时间和金钱将被浪费，主管将不高兴，发起人将大怒，审查员将心烦意乱，任何期刊都不会接受 3 因此，在这种情况下，需要与有同情心的家庭成员（通常是统计学家）取得联系，并以“结果变得重要”的方式提供帮助。如果这样做失败，则家庭成员会进入“犯罪思维模式”，并进入“伪造与捏造”的周期。证据将有缺陷。研究的真实性受到了损害。在我谦虚的学术，研究和医学新闻载体中，我很少见过一篇文章，一篇论文或一份最终报告未能证明' 。这是否意味着在我们的设置中总是拒绝'Null'？科学吗？是真实吗？只有两种可能性，并且都是灾难性的。首先，Null被证伪或捏造所拒绝，其次，研究人员由于上述恐惧的神话而没有报告负面研究。“负面研究” 是一个用词不当的说法，无法反驳空值。实际上，一项否定的研究只是用埃德温·卡斯滕森（Edwin Carstensen）（Marino AA引用）的话表示，“研究人员在错误的时间在错误的位置寻找错误的事物”。 4 然而，天空并非如此秋季。最初一直是我坚定的信念，现在是过去多年的一种经过实践检验的实践，即如果我们从研究人员的思想中消除所谓的“负面研究”的恐惧症，我们就可以在研究结果中保持真实性。我主张“家庭”和所有现在和将来的研究人员的“弱者”来抚养他们的孩子，而不必担心接受零值。指导他们使用最好的资源争取“胜利”，但是如果那样的话，教会他们不要成为“严重的失败者”。我们所有人都需要知道并传播拒绝原假设的失败还不错。研究没有失败，实际上是成功的。我们未能给出差异，相关性，因果关系，但我们在村庄的累积知识中增加了重要知识。没有其他人会浪费时间，不会再浪费时间或金钱。主管，顾问，共同调查员，统计学家，流行病学家，同事，机构，审稿人，编辑和读者都可以发挥作用，以根除我认为这是伪造和伪造研究的根本原因的神话。我们必须告诉研究人员，如果不否定零值，那么这项研究仍然有效。至于发表“否定研究”，我完全赞同布鲁斯·查尔顿（Bruce G Charlton）建议的“必须作为否定出版物发表”的先决条件。

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