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Plant Invasions in Mountains: Global Lessons for Better Management

机译：山区植物入侵：更好管理的全球经验

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Abstract Mountains are one of few ecosystems little affected by plant invasions. However, the threat of invasion is likely to increase because of climate change, greater anthropogenic land use, and continuing novel introductions. Preventive management, therefore, will be crucial but can be difficult to promote when more pressing problems are unresolved and predictions are uncertain. In this essay, we use management case studies from 7 mountain regions to identify common lessons for effective preventive action. The degree of plant invasion in mountains was variable in the 7 regions as was the response to invasion, which ranged from lack of awareness by land managers of the potential impact in Chile and Kashmir to well-organized programs of prevention and containment in the United States (Hawaii and the Pacific Northwest), including prevention at low altitude. In Australia, awareness of the threat grew only after disruptive invasions. In South Africa, the economic benefits of removing alien plants are well recognized and funded in the form of employment programs. In the European Alps, there is little need for active management because no invasive species pose an immediate threat. From these case studies, we identify lessons for management of plant invasions in mountain ecosystems: (i) prevention is especially important in mountains because of their rugged terrain, where invasions can quickly become unmanageable; (ii) networks at local to global levels can assist with awareness raising and better prioritization of management actions; (iii) the economic importance of management should be identified and articulated; (iv) public acceptance of management programs will make them more effective; and (v) climate change needs to be considered. We suggest that comparisons of local case studies, such as those we have presented, have a pivotal place in the proactive solution of global change issues.
机译：摘要山区是很少受到植物入侵影响的生态系统之一。但是，由于气候变化，更多的人为土地利用以及不断的新颖介绍，入侵的威胁可能会增加。因此，预防性管理将至关重要，但当尚未解决的更为紧迫的问题和不确定的预测可能难以推广。在本文中，我们使用来自7个山区的管理案例研究来确定有效预防措施的共同经验教训。在7个地区，山区植物入侵的程度各不相同，对入侵的反应也有所不同，其范围从土地管理人员对智利和克什米尔潜在影响的认识不足到美国组织完善的预防和控制计划（夏威夷和西北太平洋地区），包括低海拔地区的预防。在澳大利亚，只有在破坏性入侵之后，人们才开始意识到这种威胁。在南非，消除外来植物的经济利益已得到公认，并以就业计划的形式提供了资金。在欧洲阿尔卑斯山，由于没有任何入侵物种构成直接威胁，因此很少需要积极管理。从这些案例研究中，我们为管理山区生态系统中的植物入侵提供了一些经验教训：（i）预防在山区尤为重要，因为其崎invasion的地形使入侵迅速变得难以控制; （ii）地方到全球各级的网络可以帮助提高认识并更好地确定管理行动的优先次序; （iii）应该确定和阐明管理的经济重要性; （iv）公众接受管理计划将使其更加有效; （v）需要考虑气候变化。我们建议比较本地案例研究（例如我们已经介绍的案例）在主动解决全球变化问题中具有举足轻重的地位。

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