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首页> 外文期刊>Natural Resources >Ecosystem-Based and Community-Based Model Integration to Designate Coral Reef No-Take Marine Protected Areas: A Case Study from Puerto Rico
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Ecosystem-Based and Community-Based Model Integration to Designate Coral Reef No-Take Marine Protected Areas: A Case Study from Puerto Rico

机译：基于生态系统和基于社区的模型集成以指定珊瑚礁禁止捕捞的海洋保护区：以波多黎各为例

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Ecosystem-based management and community-based participation in governance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been identified as key elements to improve management success, local stakeholder support, and compliance with regulations. However, both are often rarely achieved, resulting in poor MPA governance, support and success. A quantitative assessment of the spatio- temporal change (1997-2012) of coral reef fish communities within Arrecifes La Cordillera Natural Reserve in northeastern Puerto Rico was carried out. We also identified community expectations of and support for the designation of a network of small no-take MPAs within the reserve’s boundaries. A holistic approach employing biophysical and socioeconomic methods was used as part of a participatory model to identify priorities for the designation of candidate no-take MPAs. Populations of the most important fishery-targeted species showed a significant temporal decline, particularly in areas subjected to intense recreational activities and spearfishing. Most groupers (Serranidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), barracudas (Sphyraenidae), and some parrotfishes (Scaridae) were nearly absent at most sites. Most individuals belonged to smaller size categories. Herbivores represented the majority of the total fish biomass, suggesting strong fishing impacts on apex predators. Fish declines also occurred after two massive coral bleaching events in 1998 and 2005 that were followed by mass coral mortalities, suggesting combined negative impacts of fishing and climate change. A no-take MPA designation was supported by 80% of the artisanal fishermen, 73% of the concessionaires (i.e., SCUBA diving, charter boats), and 52% of registered vessel operators. Stakeholders agreed that coral reef conditions in the reserve had declined over time, as well as water quality which affected reef health and fisheries. Stakeholders did not recognize climate change and sea surface warming as threats to coral reefs and fisheries. Nonetheless, stakeholder perceptions of candidate no-take MPA sites remarkably matched those identified through fish counts. This study also highlighted the pervasive views held by many stake-holders concerning MPA management and enforcement, and recommended that any no-take MPA designation process considers improving stakeholder participation, understanding of management objectives, actions, and accomplishments, and building stakeholders trust. The integration of ecosystem-based and community-based participatory models may be critical to foster improved support of no-take MPAs and foster a long-term community-based integration to develop and implement mitigation strategies for climate change impacts in novel future scenarios.
机译：基于生态系统的管理和基于社区的参与海洋保护区（MPA）治理已被确定为提高管理成功率，当地利益相关者支持和遵守法规的关键要素。但是，这两者通常很少实现，导致MPA治理，支持和成功不佳。对波多黎各东北部阿雷西费斯拉科迪勒拉自然保护区内珊瑚礁鱼类群落的时空变化（1997-2012）进行了定量评估。我们还确定了社区对在保护区范围内指定小型禁售MPA网络的期望和支持。参与式模型的一部分采用了采用生物物理和社会经济方法的整体方法来确定指定不参加MPA的优先次序。最重要的以渔业为目标的物种的种群显示出明显的时间下降，特别是在进行大量娱乐活动和留鱼的地区。在大多数地点，几乎没有石斑鱼（Serranidae），鲷鱼（Lutjanidae），梭鱼（Sphyraenidae）和一些鹦嘴鱼（Scaridae）。大多数人属于较小的类别。草食动物占鱼类总生物量的绝大部分，表明捕捞对先端捕食者有强烈影响。在1998年和2005年发生了两次大规模的珊瑚白化事件之后，鱼类数量也下降了，随后珊瑚大量死亡，这表明捕鱼和气候变化共同带来了负面影响。 80％的手工渔民，73％的特许经营者（即SCUBA潜水，包船）和52％的注册船舶经营者支持不采用MPA。利益相关者一致认为，保护区的珊瑚礁状况随着时间的推移而下降，水质也影响了珊瑚礁的健康和渔业。利益相关者没有意识到气候变化和海面变暖是对珊瑚礁和渔业的威胁。尽管如此，利益相关者对候选的禁止捕捞MPA场所的看法与通过鱼类计数确定的那些明显匹配。这项研究还强调了许多利益相关者对MPA管理和执法的普遍看法，并建议任何不采纳MPA的指定过程都应考虑提高利益相关者的参与度，对管理目标，行动和成就的理解以及建立利益相关者的信任。基于生态系统的参与模式和基于社区的参与模式的整合对于促进更好地支持不采取海洋保护区和促进长期的基于社区的整合，以开发和实施缓解气候变化影响的战略，在新的未来情景中可能至关重要。

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