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Frequency distributions: from the sun to the earth

机译：频率分布：从太阳到地球

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The space environment is forever changing on all spatial and temporal scales. Energy releases are observed in numerous dynamic phenomena (e.g. solar flares, coronal mass ejections, solar energetic particle events) where measurements provide signatures of the dynamics. Parameters (e.g. peak count rate, total energy released, etc.) describing these phenomena are found to have frequency size distributions that follow power-law behavior. Natural phenomena on Earth, such as earthquakes and landslides, display similar power-law behavior. This suggests an underlying universality in nature and poses the question of whether the distribution of energy is the same for all these phenomena. Frequency distributions provide constraints for models that aim to simulate the physics and statistics observed in the individual phenomenon. The concept of self-organized criticality (SOC), also known as the "avalanche concept", was introduced by Bak et al. (1987, 1988), to characterize the behavior of dissipative systems that contain a large number of elements interacting over a short range. The systems evolve to a critical state in which a minor event starts a chain reaction that can affect any number of elements in the system. It is found that frequency distributions of the output parameters from the chain reaction taken over a period of time can be represented by power-laws. During the last decades SOC has been debated from all angles. New SOC models, as well as non-SOC models have been proposed to explain the power-law behavior that is observed. Furthermore, since Bak's pioneering work in 1987, people have searched for signatures of SOC everywhere. This paper will review how SOC behavior has become one way of interpreting the power-law behavior observed in natural occurring phenomenon in the Sun down to the Earth.
机译：空间环境在所有时空尺度上都在不断变化。在许多动态现象（例如太阳耀斑，日冕质量抛射，太阳高能粒子事件）中观察到了能量释放，其中测量提供了动力学的特征。发现描述这些现象的参数（例如峰值计数率，释放的总能量等）具有遵循幂律行为的频率大小分布。地球上的自然现象，例如地震和滑坡，表现出相似的幂律行为。这暗示了自然界中潜在的普遍性，并提出了所有这些现象的能量分布是否相同的问题。频率分布为旨在模拟单个现象中观察到的物理和统计数据的模型提供了约束。 Bak等人介绍了自组织临界度（SOC）的概念，也称为“雪崩概念”。 （1987年，1988年），以描述耗散系统的行为，该耗散系统包含在短范围内相互作用的大量元素。系统演变为临界状态，在此状态下，次要事件会引发连锁反应，从而影响系统中任何数量的元素。已经发现，在一段时间内，来自连锁反应的输出参数的频率分布可以用幂律表示。在过去的几十年中，SOC从各个角度进行了辩论。已经提出了新的SOC模型以及非SOC模型来解释所观察到的幂律行为。此外，自从Bak在1987年开创性工作以来，人们一直在寻找SOC的签名。本文将回顾SOC行为如何成为解释从太阳到地球自然现象中观察到的幂律行为的一种方法。

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