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Evolution of the lamin protein family

机译：核纤层蛋白家族的进化

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Lamins are the major components of the nuclear lamina, a filamentous layer found at the interphase between chromatin and the inner nuclear membrane. The lamina supports the nuclear envelope and provides anchorage sites for chromatin. Lamins and their associated proteins are required for most nuclear activities, mitosis, and for linking the nucleoskeleton to the network of cytoskeletal filaments. Mutations in lamins and their associated proteins give rise to a wide range of diseases, collectively called laminopathies. This review focuses on the evolution of the lamin protein family. Evolution from basal metazoans to man will be described on the basis of protein sequence comparisons and analyses of their gene structure. Lamins are the founding members of the family of intermediate filament proteins. How genes encoding cytoplasmic IF proteins could have arisen from the archetypal lamin gene progenitor, can be inferred from a comparison of the respective gene structures. The lamin/IF protein family seems to be restricted to the metazoans. In general, invertebrate genomes harbor only a single lamin gene encoding a B-type lamin. The archetypal lamin gene structure found in basal metazoans is conserved up to the vertebrate lineage. The completely different structure of lamin genes in Caenorhabditis and Drosophila are exceptions rather than the rule within their systematic groups. However, variation in the length of the coiled-coil forming central domain might be more common than previously anticipated. The increase in the number of lamin genes in vertebrates can be explained by two rounds of genome duplication. The origin of lamin A by exon shuffling might explain the processing of prelamin A to the mature non-isoprenylated form of lamin A. By alternative splicing the number of vertebrate lamin proteins has increased even further. Lamin C, an alternative splice form of the LMNA gene, is restricted to mammals. Amphibians and mammals express germline-specific lamins that differ in their protein structure from that of somatic lamins. Evidence is provided that there exist lamin-like proteins outside the metazoan lineage.
机译：核纤层是核纤层的主要成分，核纤层是在染色质和核内膜之间的相间发现的丝状层。薄层支撑核被膜并为染色质提供锚固位点。薄层蛋白及其相关蛋白是大多数核活动，有丝分裂以及将核骨架连接到细胞骨架细丝网络所必需的。核纤层蛋白及其相关蛋白的突变会引起多种疾病，统称为拉米诺病。这篇综述着重于lamin蛋白家族的进化。在蛋白质序列比较和基因结构分析的基础上，将描述从基础后生动物到人的进化。核纤层蛋白是中间丝蛋白家族的创始成员。可以通过比较各自的基因结构来推断出原型lamin基因祖细胞中如何产生编码细胞质IF蛋白的基因。 lamin / IF蛋白家族似乎仅限于后生动物。通常，无脊椎动物基因组仅包含一个编码B型lamin的lamin基因。在基底后生动物中发现的原型lamin基因结构一直保存到脊椎动物谱系。 Caenorhabditis和Drosophila中lamin基因的完全不同的结构是例外，而不是其系统组中的规则。但是，形成中心区域的盘绕线圈的长度变化可能比以前预期的更为普遍。脊椎动物中lamin基因数量的增加可以通过两轮基因组复制来解释。外显子改组的lamin A的起源可能解释了prelamin A加工成成熟的lame A的非异戊二烯化形式。通过选择性剪接，脊椎动物lamin蛋白的数量进一步增加。 Lamin C，LMNA基因的另一种剪接形式，仅限于哺乳动物。两栖动物和哺乳动物表达种系特异性的lamin，其蛋白质结构不同于体细胞的lamin。有证据表明，后生动物谱系之外存在类lamin蛋白。

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