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2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid induces ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain microvascular endothelial cells

机译:2-氯十六烷酸诱导脑微血管内皮细胞内质网应激和线粒体功能障碍

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Peripheral leukocytes induce blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction through the release of cytotoxic mediators. These include hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is formed via the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system of activated phagocytes. HOCl targets the endogenous pool of ether phospholipids (plasmalogens) generating chlorinated inflammatory mediators like e.g. 2-chlorohexadecanal and its conversion product 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA). In the cerebrovasculature these compounds inflict damage to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that form the morphological basis of the BBB. To follow subcellular trafficking of 2-ClHA we synthesized a ‘clickable’ alkyne derivative (2-ClHyA) that phenocopied the biological activity of the parent compound. Confocal and superresolution structured illumination microscopy revealed accumulation of 2-ClHyA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria of human BMVEC (hCMEC/D3 cell line). 2-ClHA and its alkyne analogue interfered with protein palmitoylation, induced ER-stress markers, reduced the ER ATP content, and activated transcription and secretion of interleukin (IL)?6 as well as IL-8. 2-ClHA disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced procaspase-3 and PARP cleavage. The protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) inhibitor GSK2606414 suppressed 2-ClHA-mediated activating transcription factor 4 synthesis and IL-6/8 secretion, but showed no effect on endothelial barrier dysfunction and cleavage of procaspase-3. Our data indicate that 2-ClHA induces potent lipotoxic responses in brain endothelial cells and could have implications in inflammation-induced BBB dysfunction.
机译:外周血白细胞通过释放细胞毒性介质诱导血脑屏障(BBB)功能障碍。这些包括次氯酸(HOCl),它是通过活化吞噬细胞的髓过氧化物酶-H 2 O 2 -氯化物系统形成的。 HOC1靶向醚磷脂(血浆原)的内源库,产生氯化的炎症介质,例如2-氯十六烷及其转化产物2-氯十六烷酸(2-ClHA)。在脑血管系统中,这些化合物对脑微血管内皮细胞(BMVEC)构成了BBB的形态学基础的损害。为了追踪2-ClHA的亚细胞贩运,我们合成了一种“可点击的”炔烃衍生物(2-ClHyA),该衍生物表型表征了母体化合物的生物活性。共聚焦和超高分辨率结构照明显微镜显示2-ClHyA在人BMVEC(hCMEC / D3细胞系)的内质网(ER)和线粒体中积累。 2-ClHA及其炔类似物干扰蛋白质棕榈酰化,诱导内质网应激标记,降低内质网ATP含量,并激活白介素(IL)?6和IL-8的转录和分泌。 2-ClHA破坏线粒体膜电位并诱导procaspase-3和PARP裂解。蛋白激酶R样ER激酶(PERK)抑制剂GSK2606414抑制了2-ClHA介导的活化转录因子4的合成和IL-6 / 8的分泌,但对内皮屏障功能障碍和procaspase-3的裂解没有影响。我们的数据表明2-ClHA在脑内皮细胞中诱导有效的脂毒性反应,并且可能在炎症诱导的BBB功能障碍中起作用。

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