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Groundwater Challenges of the Lower Rio Grande: A Case Study of Legal Issues in Texas and New Mexico

机译：下里奥格兰德州的地下水挑战：以德克萨斯州和新墨西哥州的法律问题为例

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摘要

In 1938, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado signed the Rio Grande Compact, establishing terms of apportionment for some of the water from the Rio Grande for the three states. Following congressional approval in 1939, this compact governs water allocation in a region with a variable climate and frequent drought conditions and established the Rio Grande Compact Commission, comprised of a commissioner from each state and one from the federal government, to enforce the compact. With an increasing population and declining surface water supply, the Compact has been tested among the parties and within the states themselves. In a case currently before the U.S. Supreme Court, Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado (2013), Texas claims New Mexico is violating the Compact and Rio Grande Project Act by using water in excess of its apportionment through its allowance of diversions of surface and groundwater. The issue is further compounded by disputes within Texas over separate legal regimes for groundwater and surface water. Combined with growing scarcity issues, the allocation of water in the Lower Rio Grande presents a timely natural resource challenge. This review explores legal issues involved in the case as well as growing challenges of population growth, agricultural development needs, and water shortages.
机译：1938年，得克萨斯州，新墨西哥州和科罗拉多州签署了里奥格兰德州契约，为三个州确定了里奥格兰德州部分水的分配条件。在1939年国会批准后，该契约管理着气候变化和干旱频发地区的水分配，并成立了里奥格兰德契约委员会，该委员会由各州的一名专员和联邦政府的一名专员组成，以执行该契约。随着人口的增加和地表水供应的减少，该契约已经在各方之间以及各州内部进行了测试。在目前正在美国最高法院审理的德克萨斯州诉新墨西哥州和科罗拉多州一案中（2013年），德克萨斯州声称新墨西哥州违反了《紧凑型和里约格兰德项目法》，因为该法通过挪用地表水和水而超出了分配比例地下水。得克萨斯州内部就地下水和地表水的单独法律制度所产生的争议进一步加剧了这一问题。加之日益严重的稀缺问题，下里奥格兰德州的水资源分配面临着及时的自然资源挑战。这篇综述探讨了此案涉及的法律问题，以及人口增长，农业发展需求和水资源短缺等日益严峻的挑战。

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