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A Critical Assessment of the Resource Depletion Potential of Current and Future Lithium-Ion Batteries

机译：对当前和将来的锂离子电池资源枯竭潜力的严格评估

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Resource depletion aspects are repeatedly used as an argument for a shift towards new battery technologies. However, whether serious shortages due to the increased demand for traction and stationary batteries can actually be expected is subject to an ongoing discussion. In order to identify the principal drivers of resource depletion for battery production, we assess different lithium-ion battery types and a new lithium-free battery technology (sodium-ion) under this aspect, applying different assessment methodologies. The findings show that very different results are obtained with existing impact assessment methodologies, which hinders clear interpretation. While cobalt, nickel and copper can generally be considered as critical metals, the magnitude of their depletion impacts in comparison with that of other battery materials like lithium, aluminum or manganese differs substantially. A high importance is also found for indirect resource depletion effects caused by the co-extraction of metals from mixed ores. Remarkably, the resource depletion potential per kg of produced battery is driven only partially by the electrode materials and thus depends comparably little on the battery chemistry itself. One of the key drivers for resource depletion seems to be the metals (and co-products) in electronic parts required for the battery management system, a component rather independent from the actual battery chemistry. However, when assessing the batteries on a capacity basis (per kWh storage capacity), a high-energy density also turns out to be relevant, since it reduces the mass of battery required for providing one kWh, and thus the associated resource depletion impacts.
机译：资源枯竭方面被反复用作向新电池技术转变的论据。然而，是否确实可以预期由于对牵引力和固定电池的需求增加而造成的严重短缺，仍在讨论中。为了确定造成电池生产资源枯竭的主要因素，我们使用不同的评估方法评估了不同类型的锂离子电池和新的无锂电池技术（钠离子）。研究结果表明，使用现有的影响评估方法可获得非常不同的结果，这阻碍了清晰的解释。尽管通常将钴，镍和镍视为关键金属，但与其他电池材料（如锂，铝或锰）相比，其耗尽影响的幅度却大不相同。还发现了从混合矿石中共提取金属引起的间接资源枯竭效应。值得注意的是，每千克生产的电池的资源耗竭潜力仅部分地由电极材料驱动，因此相对较少地依赖于电池化学本身。资源消耗的关键驱动因素之一似乎是电池管理系统所需的电子零件中的金属（和副产品），该组件与实际的电池化学性质无关。然而，当以容量为基础（每千瓦时的存储容量）评估电池时，高能量密度也很重要，因为它减少了提供1千瓦时所需的电池质量，因此影响了相关的资源枯竭。

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