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On the Design of Radar Corner Reflectors for Deformation Monitoring in Multi-Frequency InSAR

机译：用于多频率InSAR变形监测的雷达角反射器设计

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Trihedral corner reflectors are being increasingly used as point targets in deformation monitoring studies using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques. The frequency and size dependence of the corner reflector Radar Cross Section (RCS) means that no single design can perform equally in all the possible imaging modes and radar frequencies available on the currently orbiting Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites. Therefore, either a corner reflector design tailored to a specific data type or a compromise design for multiple data types is required. In this paper, I outline the practical and theoretical considerations that need to be made when designing appropriate radar targets, with a focus on supporting multi-frequency SAR data. These considerations are tested by performing field experiments on targets of different size using SAR images from TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed and RADARSAT-2. Phase noise behaviour in SAR images can be estimated by measuring the Signal-to-Clutter ratio (SCR) in individual SAR images. The measured SCR of a point target is dependent on its RCS performance and the influence of clutter near to the deployed target. The SCR is used as a metric to estimate the expected InSAR displacement error incurred by the design of each target and to validate these observations against theoretical expectations. I find that triangular trihedral corner reflectors as small as 1 m in dimension can achieve a displacement error magnitude of a tenth of a millimetre or less in medium-resolution X-band data. Much larger corner reflectors (2.5 m or greater) are required to achieve the same displacement error magnitude in medium-resolution C-band data. Compromise designs should aim to satisfy the requirements of the lowest SAR frequency to be used, providing that these targets will not saturate the sensor of the highest frequency to be used. Finally, accurate boresight alignment of the corner reflector can be critical to the overall target performance. Alignment accuracies better than 4° in azimuth and elevation will incur a minimal impact on the displacement error in X and C-band data.
机译：在干涉式合成孔径雷达（InSAR）技术的变形监测研究中，三面角反射器越来越多地用作点目标。角反射器雷达横截面（RCS）的频率和大小相关性意味着，没有一个单一的设计能够在当前运行的合成孔径雷达（SAR）卫星上可用的所有可能的成像模式和雷达频率上均等地表现。因此，需要针对特定​​数据类型量身定制的转角反射器设计或针对多种数据类型的折衷设计。在本文中，我概述了设计适当的雷达目标时需要进行的实践和理论考虑，重点是支持多频SAR数据。这些考虑因素是通过使用TerraSAR-X，COSMO-SkyMed和RADARSAT-2的SAR图像对不同大小的目标进行现场试验来测试的。可以通过测量单个SAR图像中的信噪比（SCR）来估算SAR图像中的相位噪声行为。测得的点目标SCR取决于其RCS性能和靠近部署目标的杂波影响。 SCR用作度量，以估计每个目标的设计引起的预期InSAR位移误差，并根据理论预期验证这些观察结果。我发现，在中等分辨率的X波段数据中，尺寸小至1 m的三角形三面角反​​射器可以实现十分之一毫米或更小的位移误差。为了在中分辨率C波段数据中获得相同的位移误差幅度，需要使用更大的角反射器（2.5 m或更大）。折衷的设计应旨在满足要使用的最低SAR频率的要求，前提是这些目标不会使要使用的最高频率的传感器饱和。最后，角反射器的精确视轴对准对于总体目标性能至关重要。方位角和仰角的对准精度优于4°，将对X和C波段数据中的位移误差产生最小的影响。

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