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首页> 外文期刊>Natural science >Predictions of Galapagos Volcanic Eruption, El Niño, Ecuadorian Earthquake, Global Volcanic Eruption and Forest Fire by Sunspot Number
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Predictions of Galapagos Volcanic Eruption, El Niño, Ecuadorian Earthquake, Global Volcanic Eruption and Forest Fire by Sunspot Number

机译：通过太阳黑子数预测加拉帕戈斯火山爆发，厄尔尼诺现象，厄瓜多尔地震，全球火山爆发和森林火灾

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The earthquake number was correlated (R~( 2 ) = 0.8781) with the volcano number in the East Pacific and Central American countries. The year of volcanic eruptions in the Galapagos Hot Spot (GHS) was proportional to the year of El Ni &#241 o events (R ~( 2 ) = 0.9939) as well as to the year of earthquake events (R ~( 2 ) = 0.9943) in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru from 1977 to 2016. Therefore, there can be El Ni &#241 o and earthquake events in Ecuador, Colombia and Peru if there are strong volcanic eruptions either from aboveground volcanoes or undersea seamounts in the GHS during the maximal sunspot number ’ s period. Global volcanic eruptions were occurred during the maximal temperature departure, the latter being reversely proportional (R ~( 2 ) = 0.4512) to the sunspot number from 1980 to 2019. Forest fires occurred in middle latitude countries (South Korea, California, western Russia, Australia) around 35 degree from Pacific Equator during La Ni &#241 a events at the time of the minimal sunspot number. Since there were intense forest fires in South Korea, Australia and California in 2019, more are expected in 2030 due to the 11 year cyclical variation in the sunspot number. The sequence of forest fires can be schematically summarized as below. 1) La Ni &#241 a event in Equator causes the low vapor pressure of water due to the low sea surface temperature (SST); 2) There is the pumping of freshwater from the warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator with s imultaneous transfer of heat (warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator) and mass (water enriched Pacific Ocean to water lean Equator); 3) Strong winds from dry zone pass Mountains to cause the forest fires in the residential land with bushes and trees. 4) According to the Bernoulli ’ s principle, the pressure gradient between the high Mountains and the low Ocean, induces the decrease of static velocity gradient for vigorously upwards flares in the Mountains and the residential land during the forest fires, which may be why it is difficult to extinguish the forest fires until burnt up bushes and trees in the Mountains and residential land with serious damages. Most effective solution to forest fires is to change the events from La Ni &#241 a to El Ni &#241 o for reductions of temperature and pressure gradients by Gay-Lussac’s law. Such a transition may be induced by artificial submarine volcanic eruptions among volcanoes of Fernandina, Sierra Negra and Wolf in the GHS for Korea and California. As for Australia, artificial volcanic eruptions can be caused in huge underwater volcano chain in Tasmania. The strong damages of forest fires in South Korea, Australia and California were observed in the period of the minimal sunspot number, as were in October of 2019 to February of 2020. Simultaneous transfers of momentum (velocity), heat (temperature) and mass (freshwater) were occurred from the dry zone or the hot Deserts via the Mountains and the residential land with bushes and trees to the cold Sea or Ocean. It is expected the lowest SST during the year of the minimal sunspot number to induce the strong damages of forest fires, as was in South Korea, Australia and California during the years from 2019 to 2020. CO _( 2 ) emissions in Australia showed 34.5% increase, 70% coal power and no nuclear power to induce bushfires because of increases of ozone hole area and UV radiation for the hot land in the period of La Ni &#241 a . Fossil fuel operation should be cut down to decrease the ozone hole area and UV radiation for weak bushfires in Australia. A few coming years may still have bushfires in Australia although their damages may not be as terrible as was in 2020. A simple remedy can be the reduction of CO _( 2 ) emissions as low as possible. It was proposed that the maximal sunspot number induced El Ni &#241 o event, GHS volcanic eruption and Ecuadorian earthquakes, while the minimal sunspot number induced La Ni &#241 a events in Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and intense forest fires in middle latitude countries of South Korea (forest fires), Australia (bushfires) and California (wildfires).
机译：地震数与东太平洋和中美洲国家的火山数相关（R〜（2）= 0.8781）。加拉巴哥群岛热点（GHS）的火山爆发年份与厄尔尼诺事件（R〜（2）= 0.9939）以及地震事件年份（R〜（2））成正比。 = 0.9943）从1977年到2016年在厄瓜多尔，哥伦比亚和秘鲁。因此，如果厄瓜多尔，哥伦比亚和秘鲁的地上火山或海底海山强烈喷发火山，则可能发生厄尔尼诺和地震事件。在最大黑子数期间的GHS。全球火山喷发发生在最高温度偏离期间，后者在1980年至2019年与黑子数成反比（R〜（2）= 0.4512）。中纬度国家（韩国，加利福尼亚，俄罗斯西部，澳大利亚）在太阳黑子数最小时发生的La Ni＆＃241 a事件中，距太平洋赤道约35度。由于2019年韩国，澳大利亚和加利福尼亚发生了强烈的森林大火，由于黑子数11年的周期性变化，预计2030年还会发生更多森林大火。森林火灾的顺序可以概括如下。 1）La Ni＆＃241在赤道发生的事件由于海表温度（SST）低而导致水蒸气压低; 2）从热的太平洋向淡水赤道泵入淡水，同时传热（温暖的太平洋向冷赤道）和质量（富水的太平洋向贫水赤道）同时转移; 3）来自干旱地区的强风穿过山脉，在灌木丛和树木的居住土地上引起森林大火。 4）根据伯努利原理，高山和低洋之间的压力梯度会导致森林大火期间山脉和居民区剧烈上升的耀斑的静态速度梯度下降，这可能就是为什么除非烧毁山区和居民区的灌木丛和树木，并造成严重破坏，否则很难扑灭森林大火。解决森林火灾的最有效方法是将事件从La Ni＆＃241 a更改为El Ni＆＃241 o，以根据Gay-Lussac定律降低温度和压力梯度。在韩国和加利福尼亚的全球统一制度中，费南迪纳，塞拉内格拉和沃尔夫火山之间的人工海底火山喷发可能导致这种过渡。至于澳大利亚，塔斯马尼亚州巨大的水下火山链中可能引起人工火山喷发。在最小的太阳黑子数期间（如2019年10月至2020年2月），观察到了韩国，澳大利亚和加利福尼亚州森林火灾的严重破坏。动量（速度），热量（温度）和质量（淡水）来自干旱地区或炎热的沙漠，途经山脉和带灌木和树木的居住地，到达寒冷的海洋或海洋。预计在最低太阳黑子数的一年中，最低的SST会引起森林大火，就像韩国，澳大利亚和加利福尼亚在2019年至2020年期间一样。澳大利亚的CO _（2）排放量为34.5由于La Ni＆＃241 a期间热土地上的臭氧孔面积和UV辐射增加，增加了30％，增加了70％的煤电，没有核能引起丛林大火。为减少澳大利亚的丛林大火，应减少化石燃料的使用，以减少臭氧孔的面积和紫外线的辐射。未来几年，澳大利亚的森林大火可能仍会发生，尽管其破坏程度可能不会像2020年那样可怕。简单的补救措施可以是尽可能降低CO _（2）排放。建议最大的黑子数引起厄尔尼诺事件，GHS火山喷发和厄瓜多尔地震，而最小的黑子数引起厄瓜多尔，哥伦比亚，秘鲁的La Ni＆＃241 a事件和中纬度地区强烈的森林大火。韩国（森林大火），澳大利亚（野火）和加利福尼亚（野火）的国家/地区。

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