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Using Science to Restore California's Bay-Delta

机译：利用科学恢复加州的海湾三角洲

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October 2013 San Francisco Estuary & Watershed Science: Science & Policy for the Delta Using Science to Restore California’s Bay-Delta Judith A. Layzer Associate Professor of Environmental Policy, Department of Urban Studies and Planning Massachusets Institute of Techniology Cambridge, MA 02139 jlayzer@mit.edu The State of California and the U.S. Department of Interior have committed to relying on science as a guide to both restoring the Bay–Delta ecosystem and deciding how much water can be exported from that system. In theory, upholding this commitment should be straightforward. In practice, however, figuring out how science can and should guide policymaking is challenging when the problem at hand is complex and multifaceted, and features a cast of savvy, powerful stakeholders with sharply dif- ferent interests. One reason is that participants in such controversies have long used debates over science as proxies for debates over values. The conflict over the Bay– Delta is no different; recently, for example, representatives of large-scale water users dismissed the suggestion that too much water is being exported from the Bay–Delta system, although more than three-quarters of the scientists surveyed by the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) believe that excessive water withdrawals pose a problem (Anonymous 2013). To make progress in this situation, state and federal policymakers should take a series of bold steps. First, they should articulate a single, clear, overarching goal of ecologi- cal restoration for the Bay–Delta. Next, they should establish an adaptive process for soliciting scientific advice and adjusting management to ensure it is consistent with that goal. And finally, they should emphasize the translation of scientific research into compelling political stories that highlight both the intrinsic value of ecological restoration and its necessity for achieving other highly valued goals. My argument is rooted in the recognition that improvements in the scientific under- standing of a problem do not necessarily lead to “better” or more rational policies to address that problem (Layzer 2012). In fact, more science can actually exacerbate policy conflicts, particularly when a policy dispute features players with sharply dif- ferent values (Graham et al. 1988). In part, this is because additional science can reveal new sources of uncertainty, which advocates can exploit. But, more important.
机译：2013年10月旧金山河口和流域科学：三角洲的科学与政策利用科学来恢复加利福尼亚州的海湾三角洲Judith A. Layzer麻省理工学院城市研究与规划系环境政策副教授，剑桥，MA 02139 jlayzer @ mit .edu加利福尼亚州和美国内政部已致力于依靠科学作为恢复海湾-三角洲生态系统并确定可以从该系统中输出多少水的指南。从理论上讲，坚持这一承诺应该很简单。然而，在实践中，当眼下的问题复杂而多面，并且拥有一群精干，利益攸关，利益截然不同的利益相关者时，弄清科学如何以及应该如何指导决策是一项挑战。原因之一是，此类争论的参与者长期以来一直将关于科学的辩论用作关于价值的辩论的代理。海湾三角洲的冲突没有什么不同。例如，最近，大型水用户的代表否认了海湾-三角洲系统出口过多水的建议，尽管加利福尼亚公共政策研究所（PPIC）的四分之三的科学家认为过多的取水带来了问题（Anonymous 2013）。为了在这种情况下取​​得进展，州和联邦政策制定者应采取一系列大胆的步骤。首先，他们应该阐明海湾-三角洲生态恢复的单一，明确，总体目标。接下来，他们应该建立一个适应性过程，以征求科学建议并调整管理，以确保其与该目标一致。最后，他们应该强调将科学研究转化为令人信服的政治故事，这些故事既要强调生态恢复的内在价值，也要强调其实现其他高度重视的目标的必要性。我的观点源于以下认识：对问题的科学理解的提高并不一定会导致“更好”或更合理的政策来解决该问题（Layzer 2012）。实际上，更多的科学实际上可以加剧政策冲突，特别是当政策争端的参与者具有截然不同的价值观时（Graham等，1988）。在某种程度上，这是因为额外的科学可以揭示倡导者可以利用的不确定性的新来源。但是，更重要。

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