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Storage in California's Reservoirs and Snowpack in this Time of Drought

机译：干旱时期加利福尼亚州的水库和积雪堆中的存储

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JUNE 2015 Storage in California’s Reservoirs and Snowpack in This Time of Drought Michael D. Dettinger* and Michael L. Anderson 1 Volume 13, Issue 2 | June 2015 * Corresponding author: mddettin@usgs.gov; U.S. Geological Survey, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA 1 Division of Flood Management, California Dept. of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2015v13iss2art1 INTRODUCTION The San Francisco Bay and Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (Delta) are the recipients of inflows from a watershed that spans much of California and that has ties to nearly the entire state. Historically, California has buffered its water supplies and flood risks both within—and beyond—the Delta’s catchment by devel- oping many reservoirs, large and small, high and low. Most of these reservoirs carry water from wet winter seasons—when water demands are low and flood risks are high—to dry, warm seasons (and years) when demands are high and little precipitation falls. Many reservoirs are also used to catch and delay (or spread in time) flood flows that otherwise might cause damage to communities and floodplains. This essay describes the status of surface-water and snow- pack storage conditions in California in spring 2015, providing context for better understanding where the state’s water stores stand as we enter summer 2015. RESERVOIR STORAGE About a dozen major reservoirs (listed in Figure 1) operated by state, local, or federal agencies, hold about half of the water stored in California’s reser- voirs, on average. Hundreds of other, mostly smaller reservoirs are scattered around the state and together store amounts of water roughly equal (on average) to the storage in the dozen major reservoirs. In early spring snowpack in the state’s mountains also con- tains about 70% as much water, on average, as the long-term average combination of the major and “other” reservoirs. Figure 1 shows the history of res- ervoir storage 1 in the dozen major reservoirs and in another 148 reservoirs across California (including two in the Klamath River basin just across the border in Oregon) during the past 45 years. As expected, in dry periods such as 1976–77, the late 1980s to early 1990s, the end of the 2000s and, again, during the present drought (2012–2015), the amount of water stored in California’s reservoirs declines and, in wet years such as 1978, 1983, 1998, 2005–2006 and 2011, storage in reservoirs recovers. The dozen major surface reservoirs listed in Figure?1 are used aggressively to ameliorate droughts and floods. As a consequence, their storage fluctuates more from winters to summers, and from year to year, than does the total of storage in the other res- ervoirs. For example, between April 2011 and April 2015, total storage in the major reservoirs declined by 50% while storage in the other reservoirs declined by 38%. Indeed, over the long term illustrated in Figure 1, the variance of monthly storage in the 1 Monthly reservoir-storage, precipitation, and statewide April 1 snow water content estimates were obtained from http://www.cdec.water. ca.gov, an open-access California Department of Water Resources data archive.
机译：2015年6月这次干旱，加利福尼亚的水库和积雪堆中的储藏物Michael D. Dettinger *和Michael L. Anderson 1卷13，第2期| 2015年6月*通讯作者：mddettin@usgs.gov;美国地质调查局，加利福尼亚州拉荷亚，美国92093;斯克里普斯海洋学研究所，加利福尼亚州拉荷亚，美国，加利福尼亚州92093; 1美国加利福尼亚州萨克拉曼多市水资源局洪水管理司，美国加利福尼亚州：95814美国：http：//dx.doi。 org / 10.15447 / sfews.2015v13iss2art1简介旧金山湾和萨克拉曼多–圣华金河三角洲（Delta）是跨越加利福尼亚大部分地区并且与几乎整个州都有联系的分水岭的流入者。从历史上看，加利福尼亚州通过开发许多大小不一的水库来缓解三角洲集水区内外的水供应和洪水风险。这些水库中的大多数都将水从潮湿的冬季（需水量低，洪水风险高）带到干燥，温暖的季节（和年份），当需求旺盛且降水量很少时。许多水库还被用来捕获和延缓（或及时扩散）洪水，否则可能对社区和洪泛区造成破坏。本文介绍了2015年春季加利福尼亚州地表水和积雪的存储状况，为更好地了解我们进入2015年夏季后该州的水库的位置提供了背景信息。水库存储大约有十几个主要水库（图1列出） ）由州，地方或联邦机构运营，平均持有加州储水库中大约一半的水。数百个其他的，大多数是较小的水库散布在该州周围，并且一起存储的水量（平均）与十几个主要水库中的水量大致相等。早春时节，该州山区的积雪平均含有的水量约为主要水库和“其他”水库的长期平均组合的70％。图1显示了过去45年中，加州数十个主要水库和另外148个水库中的水库储存历史1（包括俄勒冈州边境的克拉马斯河流域中的两个水库）。不出所料，在诸如1976-77年的干旱时期，1980年代末至1990年代初，2000年代末，以及在目前的干旱期间（2012-2015年），加州水库的蓄水量下降，在1978年，1983年，1998年，2005–2006年和2011年这样的潮湿年份，水库中的存储得以恢复。图1中列出的十几个主要地表水库被积极地用来缓解干旱和洪水。结果，与其他资源的总存储量相比，他们的存储量在冬季至夏季以及每年之间波动更大。例如，在2011年4月至2015年4月之间，主要水库的总储量下降了50％，而其他水库的总储量下降了38％。实际上，从图1所示的长期来看，可以从http：//www.cdec.water获得1月水库存储量，降水量和4月1日全州范围内的雪水含量估算值的月变化量。 ca.gov，是加利福尼亚水资源部的开放获取数据档案。

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