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Contaminant Effects on California Bay–Delta Species and Human Health

机译：对加利福尼亚湾三角洲物种和人类健康的污染影响

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doi: https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2016v14iss4art5 Many contaminants in the California Bay–Delta (Bay–Delta) exceed regulatory standards, affect aquatic species, and potentially affect human health. Recent studies provide multiple lines of evidence that contaminants affect species of concern in the Bay–Delta (e.g., the decline of several important fish species referred to as the “Pelagic Organism Decline” or POD). Contaminants occur as dynamic complex mixtures and exert effects at multiple levels of biological organization. Multiple chemicals impair processes at cellular and physiological levels (measured as growth, development, and behavior abnormalities), and when viability and reproductive output are affected, populations are affected. As an important example, the population decline of the endangered Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) is significantly associated with multiple stressors, including insecticide use. New analyses presented in this paper show significant correlations between pyrethroid use and declining abundance of POD fish species. Water sampled from the Bay–Delta causes multiple deleterious effects in fish, and Delta Smelt collected from the Bay–Delta exhibit contaminant effects. Fish prey items are also affected by contaminants; this may have an indirect effect on their populations. Co-occurrence with thermal changes or disease can exacerbate contaminant effects. Contaminants also pose threats to human health via consumption of fish and shellfish, drinking water, and contact recreation, in particular, mercury, cyanobacteria toxins, disinfection byproducts, pathogens, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products. The role of contaminants in the decline of Bay–Delta species is difficult to accurately assess in a complex, dynamic system. However, tools and approaches are available to evaluate contaminant effects on Bay–Delta species, and separate the effects of multiple stressors. Integrated monitoring and focused mechanistic studies are instrumental for addressing management needs. Effect and risk assessments should be conducted for different species across multiple life stages, with emphasis on early life stages of high-priority Bay–Delta species.
机译：doi：https：//doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2016v14iss4art5加利福尼亚湾-三角洲（Bay-Delta）中的许多污染物超过了监管标准，影响水生生物，并潜在地影响人类健康。最近的研究提供了多种证据，表明污染物会影响海湾三角洲的关注物种（例如，几种重要鱼类的数量下降，称为“远洋生物衰退”或POD）。污染物以动态复杂混合物的形式出现，并在生物组织的多个层面发挥作用。多种化学物质会破坏细胞和生理水平的过程（以生长，发育和行为异常来衡量），并且当生存力和生殖输出受到影响时，种群也会受到影响。举一个重要的例子，濒临灭绝的Delta Smelt（Hypomesus transpacificus）种群的减少与多种压力源密切相关，包括使用杀虫剂。本文中提出的新分析表明，拟除虫菊酯的使用与POD鱼物种数量的减少之间存在显着的相关性。从海湾三角洲采样的水对鱼类造成多种有害影响，从海湾三角洲收集的三角洲熔炼物表现出污染物影响。鱼的猎物也受到污染物的影响;这可能对其人口产生间接影响。与热变化或疾病并存会加剧污染物的影响。污染物还通过食用鱼类和贝类，饮用水以及接触休闲活动，特别是汞，蓝细菌毒素，消毒副产品，病原体，农药，药品和个人护理产品，对人类健康构成威胁。在复杂，动态的系统中，很难准确评估污染物在海湾三角洲物种减少中的作用。但是，可以使用工具和方法来评估污染物对海湾三角洲物种的影响，并分离多种压力源的影响。集成的监视和集中的机械研究有助于解决管理需求。应在多个生命阶段对不同物种进行效果和风险评估，重点是高优先级湾三角洲物种的早期生命阶段。

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