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首页> 外文期刊>Slovak Raptor Journal >Spatial and temporal diversity of the diet of the tawny owl (Strix aluco)
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Spatial and temporal diversity of the diet of the tawny owl (Strix aluco)

机译：黄褐色猫头鹰（ Strix aluco ）饮食的时空多样性

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The author compared diet of eight owl species in Slovakia, out of which four species prey in the non-forest environment (Bubo bubo, Tyto alba, Asio otus and Athene noctua), while the other four species prey mostly in the forest (Glaucidium passerinum, Aegolius funereus, Strix uralensis and Strix aluco). Tawny owl (Strix aluco) has shown the highest degree of adaptability when it comes to various types of environment and broad diversity of prey. Appendix 1 presents material of total 225,441 pieces of diet, which contains 69 species of mammals and at least 147 species of birds. While B. bubo diet is typical especially for high presence of bigger prey species within mammals and birds (66 diagnostic taxa), diet of S. aluco is characterized by as many as 89 taxa with higher share than the average of all eight compared owls (taxa with values 1+ and 2+ in blocks as marked by full line). Based on the analysis of 68,070 pieces of S. aluco diet collected in Slovakia, it is possible to differentiate seven basic diet types: A - from lower mountains, B - from middle montane locations, C - from colder and more humid parts of mountains, D - characterized by high share of bats (Chiroptera), E - characterized by high share of slugs (Limacidae), F - from floodplain forests, and finally G - from environment strongly influenced by humans. Diagnostic species for one or several diet types are characterized by markedly higher share than Slovak average. By the large amount of analyzed samples of S. aluco diet it is possible to gain the knowledge about structure of several animal groups from relatively little disrupted forest ecosystems and those from environment to some degree influenced by humans. Diet types represent simplified models, which are understood in a different sense than plant communities. Individual disposition for specific food preference (e. g. Chiroptera) also plays an important role by some tawny owl's specimens. Some types of prey can be further divided into undertypes (e. g. undertypes G1 and G2 in Table 1). Diet of S. aluco has been examined more in detail and over a longer period of time especially in following national parks: Slovensk?? kras, Mur??nska planina and Ve??k?? Fatra Mts. Samples from other parts of Slovakia are also presented here according to their relevance to particular diet types. Pellets of S. aluco were collected over a longer period of time (up to 30 years) in several sites and it is chronological periodicity in presentence of diagnostic species, which stands in focus. Long-term changes in S. aluco diet during Holocene were examined in two parts of Ve??k?? Fatra Mts, which are influenced by climatic changes as well as human activity (deforestation and pasture). The author has occasionally collected pellets of S. aluco in several mountains of Europe between Western Alps and Caucasus and from northern border in S. aluco areal, from Trondheim area in Norway. Furthermore, the author presents hereby his own material from pellets of S. aluco from the Middle East to Himalaya (in particular countries of Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Kyrgyzstan and Nepal).
机译：作者比较了斯洛伐克的八种猫头鹰的饮食，其中四种在非森林环境中被捕食（腹股沟淋巴结炎，泰托河，阿西奥图斯和雅典娜小夜蛾），而其他四种捕食者主要在森林中捕食（青菜Passerinum） ，Aegolius funereus，Strix uralensis和Strix aluco）。黄褐色的猫头鹰（Strix aluco）在各种类型的环境和种类繁多的猎物中表现出最高的适应性。附录1列出了总共225,441件饮食的材料，其中包含69种哺乳动物和至少147种鸟类。 bubo bubo饮食特别适用于哺乳动物和鸟类中较大的猎物种类（66个诊断类群），而S. aluco饮食的特征是多达89个类群，其份额比所有八只猫头鹰的平均份额高（单位为1+和2+的分类单元，用实线标记）。根据对斯洛伐克收集的68,070种铝生链球菌饮食的分析，可以区分以下7种基本饮食类型：A-来自低山地带，B-来自山地中部位置，C-来自较冷和潮湿的山地， D-以蝙蝠（Chiroptera）的占有率高为特征，E-以mac（Limacidae）的高占有率为特征，F-来自洪泛区森林，最后是G-受人类强烈影响的环境。一种或几种饮食类型的诊断物种的特征是其份额明显高于斯洛伐克的平均水平。通过分析大量的美国铝矾饮食，可以从相对较少的破坏性森林生态系统以及在一定程度上受人类影响的环境中获得有关几种动物群结构的知识。饮食类型代表简化的模型，与植物群落的含义不同。对于某些特定的食物偏爱（例如Chiroptera）的个体性在一些黄褐色的猫头鹰标本中也起着重要的作用。某些类型的猎物可进一步分为亚型（例如表1中的G1和G2型）。已经对S. aluco的饮食进行了更详细的检查，并且经过了较长的时间，尤其是在以下国家公园中：Slovensk？ kras，Mur ?? nska planina和Ve ?? k ??法特拉山斯洛伐克其他地区的样品也根据其与特定饮食类型的相关性在此列出。在较长的时间（长达30年）中在多个地点收集了S. aluco的药丸，这是诊断物种出现的时间顺序周期性的焦点。在全新世期间，对Ve ?? k ??的两个部分检查了S. aluco饮食的长期变化。 Fatra Mt受气候变化以及人类活动（森林砍伐和牧场）的影响。作者偶尔在西阿尔卑斯山和高加索之间的欧洲几座山脉以及挪威特隆赫姆地区的S. aluco区域北部边界收集了S. aluco的颗粒。此外，作者特此介绍自己从中东到喜马拉雅山（特别是约旦，以色列，黎巴嫩，叙利亚，土耳其，伊朗，吉尔吉斯斯坦和尼泊尔的国家）的铝矾土颗粒的材料。

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