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首页> 外文期刊>Slovak Raptor Journal >Notes on the reproduction, breeding biology and ethology of the Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum) in Slovakia
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Notes on the reproduction, breeding biology and ethology of the Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum) in Slovakia

机译：关于斯洛伐克的欧亚侏儒猫头鹰（ Glaucidium passerinum ）的繁殖，繁殖生物学和民族学的记录

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Accessible data on 78 breeding occurrences of the Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum) in Slovakia are evaluated. Data from the oldest known breeding in 1846 up to 2010 were used. The breeding of this species has been proved in 24 orographic units, at altitudes from 450 (400) to 1450 m. Distribution of the species in Slovakia closely follows the distribution of fir (Abies alba) and spruce (Picea abies) and breeding has also been recorded in forest habitats with an abundance of scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and black pine (Pinus nigra). From the point of view of natural and secondary origin of these forest habitats, the species breeds in both a€?naturala€? habitats such as montane spruce forests and Euro-Siberian coniferous forests, forests with beech and fir, oak-hornbeam forests with lime and fir, as well as in secondary forest spruce plantations. From 22 evaluated Slovakian nests as many as 17 (70.8%) were situated no farther than 200 m from water. A high number of nests (72.5%) were situated at altitudes between 600-1100 m, with 13% above this range and 14.5% below. As many as 25 nest holes were located in spruce, both living and dead, and in snags, ten in fir (with a significant number of dead stumps), six in beech, four in oak and four in aspen. Nests were also found on one occasion each in larch, maple and black pine. On one occasion breeding took place in a nest-box. On several occasions the same nest hole was used repeatedly, with the highest number of such occasions being four times in the same tree in an eight year period. On three occasions a shift of nest location of ca. 200-350 m within the same territory occurred and two neighbouring pairs, and nests, were once found at the same time just 400 m from each other. Nest holes excavated by the Dendrocopos major and Picoides tridactylus are often used. On four occasions breeding took place in natural cavities (2x beech, 1x larch, 1x maple). The lowest situated nest was placed lower than one m above ground level and the highest 13 m above the ground. From 44 evaluated nest holes the highest number (26) were situated between 4-7 m. The production of young was evaluated in 57 cases, 34 of which were successful (69.7%). Young were found on 27 occasions, from which 80 fledged: an average of 2.96 per nest. This average is slightly lower than that calculated in Austria and Germany. In the colder than usual years of 2009 and 2010, which were poorer in food availability and characterized by high precipitation, the numbers of fledglings was even lower: on average only 2.3 and 2.0 fledglings per nest respectively. The average number of fledglings per nest from 8 Slovakian nests in three consecutive years (1989 to 1991) was 3.75 fledglings per nest but the same parameter from nine Slovakian nests in six years (2005 to 2010) dropped to 2.88. This indicates a diminishing trend in nest productivity. On one occasion the movements of fledglings in the territory after their fledging were observed for 27 days. On other occasions disturbance due to human activity (tree felling) was recorded as the reason for an abandoned breeding attempt. Such disturbance can be extreme, for example, in the Kysuce Region in the Javorn?-ky Mts and Turzovsk?? vrchovina Mts, two breeding sites with nests in 1999 and 2003 were later destroyed because of complete removal of those forest tracts attacked by bark-beetles. In 2009 in the Str????ovsk?? vrchy Mts, a curious case was observed where, during the period of parent care of nestlings, the male disappeared but the female continued to feed her two nestlings alone until they fledged. Just after fledging these fledglings were predated, probably by a Pernis apivorus or an Accipiter nisus, both of which bred nearby. The authors made several remarkable ethological observations in the life of Eurasian pygmy owls. In the Str????ovsk?? vrchy Mts the a€?nest-showinga€? of more than one cavity in its territory by the male to the female was observed. Copulation was observed a total of eleven times during the months February - May in the years 1989-2010, with the following frequency: February 1x, March 3x, first half of April 5x, second half of April 1x, beginning of May 1x. Interactions of the Eurasian pygmy owls with diurnal raptors, other owl species and other cavity-breeders were also documented. In the Str????ovsk?? vrchy Mts the breeding of an Eurasian pygmy owl pair at a relatively close distance to the nests of various diurnal raptors were as follows (species/distance from nest of the raptor from nest of the Eurasian pygmy owl): Pernis apivorus 7 m, Accipiter nisus 230 m, Buteo buteo 250 m, Aquila pomarina 500 m, Accipiter gentilis 700 m. In the Volovsk?? vrchy Mts a pair of Eurasian pygmy owls successfully bred at a distance of 600 m from two nests of Strix uralensis, and another pair bred at a distance of 500 m from a nest of Strix aluco. The breeding of another pair of Strix aluco just 30 m from a cavity used by a pair of Eurasian p
机译：评估了斯洛伐克78头欧亚矮小猫头鹰（格劳西氏pass）的繁殖情况。使用了从1846年到2010年的最古老的育种数据。该物种的繁殖已在450（400）至1450 m的高度上以24个地形单位进行了证明。该物种在斯洛伐克的分布紧随冷杉（Abies alba）和云杉（Picea abies）的分布，在森林栖息地也有繁殖记录，其中有大量的樟子松（Pinus silvestris）和黑松（Pinus nigra）。从这些森林栖息地的自然和次生起源的角度来看，该物种既在自然环境中繁殖，又在自然环境中繁殖。生境包括山地云杉林和欧洲-西伯利亚针叶林，山毛榉和冷杉林，石灰和冷杉的橡树角树森林以及次生森林云杉人工林。在22个经过评估的斯洛伐克巢中，离水不超过200 m的位置有多达17个（占70.8％）。大量的巢（72.5％）位于海拔600-1100 m之间，高于该范围13％，低于该范围14.5％。多达25个巢穴位于云杉中，既有生活的也有死的，也有分枝的，杉木中有10个（有大量死树桩），榉木中有6个，橡树中有4个，白杨木中有4个。还一次在落叶松，枫树和黑松树中发现巢穴。有一次繁殖是在巢箱中进行的。多次重复使用同一巢穴，在八年内同一棵树中，此类巢穴的次数最多为四次。在三种情况下，巢穴的位置发生了变化。在同一区域内发生了200-350 m的距离，一次发现了两个相邻的对和巢，而彼此之间仅相距400 m。通常使用由Dendrocopos major和Picoides tridactylus开挖的巢穴。在自然洞中繁殖了4次（2个山毛榉，1个落叶松，1x枫树）。位置最低的巢位于低于地面1 m的位置，最高的巢位于离地面13 m的位置。在44个评估的巢孔中，数量最多的（26）位于4-7 m之间。评估了年轻人的生产57例，其中34例成功（69.7％）。幼鸟被发现27次，其中80次出雏：平均每个巢2.96个。该平均值略低于奥地利和德国的平均值。在2009年和2010年比往年寒冷的年份，这些国家的食物供应较差，且降水量高，幼雏的数量甚至更低：平均每个巢中幼雏只有2.3羽和2.0羽。连续三年（1989年至1991年）来自8个斯洛伐克巢的平均每窝幼雏为3.75个巢，但六年（2005年至2010年）的9个斯洛伐克巢的平均幼鸟数量降至2.88。这表明巢式生产力下降的趋势。有一次观察到雏鸟在其领土上活动了27天。在其他情况下，由于人类活动（砍伐树木）引起的干扰被记录为放弃繁殖尝试的原因。这种干扰可能是极端的，例如在贾沃恩-基姆山和图尔佐夫斯克的基绍斯地区。 vrchovina Mts是1999和2003年两个有巢的繁殖地点，后来由于完全清除了由树皮甲虫袭击的森林而被摧毁。 2009年在Str ?????? ovsk ?? vrchy Mts，一个很好奇的案例，在父母对雏鸟的照顾期间，雄性失踪了，但是雌性继续单独喂养了她的两只雏鸟，直到它们成雏。刚出雏后，这些雏鸟就被捕食了，可能是由Pernis apivorus或Accipiter nisus捕食的，它们都在附近繁殖。作者在欧亚矮小猫头鹰的生活中做了几项令人瞩目的人文观察。在Str ???? ovsk ?? vrchy的嵌套显示观察到雄性和雌性在其领土内有多个腔。在1989-2010年的2月-5月期间，共观察到11次交p，发生频率如下：2月1x，3月3x，4月上半月5x，4月1x下半月，5月1x开始。还记录了欧亚矮小猫头鹰与昼夜猛禽，其他猫头鹰物种和其他腔育者的相互作用。在Str ???? ovsk ?? vrchy Mts的繁殖是在距离各个昼夜猛禽的巢较近的距离内进行的欧亚矮小猫头鹰对的繁殖（物种/从猛禽的巢到欧亚矮小猫头鹰的巢的距离）：Pernis apivorus 7 m，Acpipiter nisus 230 m，Buteo buteo 250 m，Aquila pomarina 500 m，Accipiter gentilis 700 m。在沃洛夫斯克？ vrchy Mts是一对欧亚矮小猫头鹰在距离Strix uralensis两个巢的600 m的距离内成功繁殖，另一对在距离Strix aluco巢的距离500 m的距离上繁殖。从一对欧亚大陆动物所使用的腔中仅30 m处繁殖另一对Strix aluco

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