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Assessment of actual evapotranspiration and yield of wheat under different irrigation regimes with potassium application

机译：施用钾肥对不同灌溉方式下小麦实际蒸腾量和产量的评估

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Water shortage at precarious growth stages diminishes the wheat production , however regulated deficit irrigation and potassium fertilization ameliorate its adversities to a certain extent. A pot experiment was conducted in 2010-11 and 2011-12 growing seasons to assess the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of wheat under semiarid region of Pakistan. The growing season was divided into six periods viz: germination, jointing, booting, heading, grain filling and maturity stage. Three reg ulated deficit i rrigation levels (no- soil- water- deficit (H: 80-100 % of available water content (AWC)), medium (M) soil water deficit (70 to 80% AWC and severe (L) water deficit (60-70% AWC) were maintained at above mentioned stages in combination with three levels of potassium (0, 200 and 300 kg ha -1 K 2 O). Soil water contents were measured gravimetrically by weighing pots after 1 to 2 day's interval throughout the growing season. Potential evapotranspiration (ETp) was calculated using Penman-Montieth model. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was calculated using water balance equation and crop coefficient was calculated by dividing the ETa with ETp. The data obtained was analyzed statistically. The results of this study showed that grain yield and water use efficiency in wheat (Sahar-2006) was greatly improved by 23.4 and 15.0% (average of two years) under soil water deficit treatment I 3 (MMHMH) with potassium (K 2 O applied at 300 kg ha -1 ) as compared to regulated deficit treatment I 1 (HMLML) in combination without potassium (K 2 O applied at 0 kg ha -1 ). The optimum total irrigation water of 242.9 mm was distributed as 13.7 mm during germination stage, 22.15 mm during jointing, 21.10 mm during booting, 69.95 mm during heading, 58.9 mm during grain filling and 57.05 mm duri ng maturity to fulfill the need of actual evapotranspiration which was required to produce the above mentioned increase in grain yield and other parameters. Root length and mass density were also increased by 35.9 and 35.6% in pot receiving I 3 (MMHMH) in combination with K 2 over I 1 (HMLML) in combination with K 0 . K nutrition helped in mitigating the negative effects of water stress due to well- developed root system and accelerated the maximum water uptake and improved water use efficiency.
机译：处于不稳定时期的缺水会减少小麦的产量，但是规范的亏水灌溉和钾肥在一定程度上缓解了其逆境。在2010-11和2011-12生长季节进行了盆栽试验，以评估调节性缺水灌溉对巴基斯坦半干旱地区小麦的产量和水分利用效率的影响。生长季节分为六个时期：发芽，拔节，孕穗，抽穗，灌浆和成熟期。三种规定的缺水灌溉水平（无土壤缺水（H：可用水含量的80-100％（AWC）），中等（M）土壤缺水（AWC的70至80％和重度（L）水）在上述阶段，将钾的三个水平（0、200和300 kg ha -1 K 2 O）保持在缺水（60-70％AWC）的状态下，在称重1至2天后通过称重罐称量土壤水含量。利用Penman-Montieth模型计算潜在的蒸散量（ETp），使用水分平衡方程计算实际的蒸散量（ETa），将ETa除以ETp计算作物系数，并对所得数据进行统计分析。这项研究的结果表明，在土壤缺水I 3（MMHMH）和钾（K 2 O）处理下，小麦（Sahar-2006）的谷物产量和水分利用效率分别提高了23.4和15.0％（两年平均）。在300 kg ha -1下施用） d缺钾治疗I 1（HMLML）不含钾（在0 kg ha -1施用K 2 O）。最佳的总灌溉水为242.9 mm，在发芽期分配为13.7 mm，在拔节期分配为22.15 mm，在启动期分配为21.10 mm，在抽穗期分配为69.95 mm，在灌浆期分配为58.9 mm，成熟期为57.05 mm，以满足实际蒸散的需要。这是产生上述谷物产量增加和其他参数所必需的。与I 2（HMLML）和K 0组合使用I 2（MMHMH）和K 2组合的盆栽，根长和质量密度也分别提高了35.9和35.6％。钾营养有助于减轻根系发达的水分胁迫的负面影响，并加速了最大水分吸收并提高了水分利用效率。

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