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Disaster Risk Reduction Based on a GIS Case Study of the ?a?avica River Watershed

机译：基于阿维卡河流域的GIS案例研究，减少灾害风险

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Background and Purpose: Although natural hazards cannot be prevented, a better understanding of the processes and scientific methodologies for their prediction can help mitigate their impact. Torrential floods, as one of the consequential forms of the existing erosion processes in synergy with extremely high precipitation, are the most frequent natural hazard at the regional level, which was confirmed by the catastrophic events in May 2014 when huge territories of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia were flood-struck. The basic input data for the design of protective structures in torrential beds and watershed slopes are the values of the maximal discharge, area sediment yields, and sediment transport. The calculation of these values requires a careful approach in accordance with the characteristics of torrential watersheds, such as the steepness of slopes and beds in torrential watersheds, intensive erosion processes, favorable conditions for fast runoff formation and the transport of huge quantities of sediment. Materials and Methods: The calculations of maximal discharges, area sediment yields, and sediment transport in the experimental watershed of the ?a?avica River were based on using two different spatial resolutions of digital elevations models (DEMs) – 20 m resolution DEM, with land use determined from aerial photo images, and the 90 m resolution DEM, with land use determined on the basis of the CORINE database. The computation of maximal discharges was performed by applying a method that combined synthetic unit hydrograph (maximum ordinate of unit runoff qmax) and Soil Conservation Service methodologies (deriving effective rainfall Pe from total precipitation Pb). The computation was performed for AMC III (Antecedent Moisture Conditions III – high content of water in the soil and significantly reduced infiltration capacity). The computations of maximal discharges were done taking into account the regional analysis of lag time, internal daily distribution of precipitation and classification of soil hydrologic groups (for CN – runoff curve number determination). Area sediment yields and the intensity of erosion processes were estimated on the basis of the “Erosion Potential Method”. Results and Conclusions: The selected methodology was performed using different input data related to the DEM resolution. The results were illustrated using cartographic and numerical data. Information on relief conditions is a vital parameter for calculating the elements of the environmental conditions through the elements of maximal discharge, area sediment yields and sediment transport. The higher precision of input data of DEM provides a more precise spatial identification and a quantitative estimation of the endangered sites.
机译：背景和目的：尽管无法预防自然灾害，但更好地了解其预测过程和科学方法可以帮助减轻其影响。作为现有侵蚀过程的后果形式之一，与极高的降水协同作用，洪灾是区域一级最常见的自然灾害，2014年5月，塞尔维亚，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的大片领土造成的灾难性事件证实了这一点。黑塞哥维那和克罗地亚遭受洪水袭击。设计洪床和流域斜坡保护结构的基本输入数据是最大流量，区域泥沙产量和泥沙输送的值。这些值的计算需要根据洪流域的特征采取谨慎的方法，例如洪流域的坡度和河床的陡度，密集的侵蚀过程，快速径流形成的有利条件和大量沉积物的输送。材料和方法：在阿瓦维卡河实验流域中，最大流量，最大泥沙产量和泥沙输送量的计算基于数字高程模型（DEM）的两种不同空间分辨率– 20 m分辨率DEM，以及根据航拍照片图像和90 m分辨率DEM确定土地用途，并根据CORINE数据库确定土地用途。通过应用将合成单位水位图（单位径流量的最大纵坐标qmax）和土壤保护服务方法（从总降水量Pb中得出有效降雨Pe）相结合的方法来计算最大流量。计算是针对AMC III（之前的潮湿条件III –土壤中水含量高，渗透能力大大降低）进行的。计算最大流量时要考虑到滞后时间的区域分析，降水的内部日分布以及土壤水文组的分类（用于确定CN-径流曲线数）。根据“侵蚀潜力法”估算了区域沉积物的产量和侵蚀过程的强度。结果与结论：选择的方法是使用与DEM分辨率有关的不同输入数据执行的。使用制图和数值数据说明了结果。有关救济条件的信息是通过最大排放量，区域沉积物产量和沉积物输送量来计算环境条件要素的重要参数。 DEM输入数据的较高精度可提供更精确的空间识别和对濒临灭绝地点的定量估计。

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