The commercial transportation of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline is receiving increased attention in South Africa. Transnet Pipeline Transport has recently obtained permission from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) to construct and operate a new petroleum products pipeline of 60 cm diameter from Durban to Gauteng. At an operating speed of 10 km/h the proposed 60 cm Transnet pipeline would be able to deliver 3,54 million litres of petroleum product per hour. This is equivalent to 89 deliveries per hour using road tank vehicles with an average carrying capacity of 40 000 litres of fuel per vehicle. This pipeline throughput is also equivalent to two trains departing per hour, each consisting of 42 petroleum tank wagons with an average carrying capacity of 42 500 litres of fuel per wagon. Considering that such road trucks and rail wagons return empty to the upstream refineries in Durban, it is clear that there is no tenable long-term alternative to pipeline transport:pipeline transport is substantially cheaper than road and rail transport;pipeline transport is much safer than rail and especially road transport; andpipeline transport frees up alternative road and rail transport capacity.Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport for the carriage of suitable liquids (for example, petroleum commodities, which include crude oil, refined fuel products and liquid petro-chemicals), gas, slurrified coal and certain water-suspended ores and minerals. InSouth Africa, petroleum products account for the majority of commercial pipeline traffic, followed by crude oil and natural gas. There are three basic types of petroleum pipeline transport systems:Gathering pipeline systemsCrude oil trunk pipeline systemsRefined products pipeline systems Collectively, these systems provide a continuous link between extraction, processing, distribution, and wholesalers' depots in areas of consumption. The following activities are involved in the flow of goods between place of origin and place of consumption or application:Demand forecasting, Facility site selection, Procurement,Materials handling, Packaging, Warehouse management, Inventory management,Order processing, Logistics communications, Transport, Reverse logistics. Because cost is incurred without adding value each time goods are handled (activity 4) at a terminal or storage facility, a primary logistics objective is to eliminate handling wherever possible. With the carriage of crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline this objective is fully met. Commodity intake, haulage, and discharge are combined in one process, usually a remote-controlled operation. Pipeline transport is a non-containerised bulk mode of transport thereby obviating the need for packaging (activity 5) and returning empty containers. Pipelines provide a direct and long-term link between these origins and destinations. If necessary a continuous service can be provided with no need for a return trip or a reverse pumping process (activity 11).The elimination of handling, packaging and reverse logistics activities contribute substantially to the high measure of economies of scale that pipeline transport enjoys. The article provides adscription of each of the eleven logistics activities in the context of pipeline transport. Effective logistics service is a prerequisite to help ensure that customers receive the required products at the desired quality and quantity, where and when needed. The most pertinent determinants of logistics service performance aresuitability, accessibility, goods security, transit time, reliability and flexibility. The article offers a discussion of the extent to which pipeline transport conforms to each of these measures of effectiveness.
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机译：南非通过管道进行原油和石油产品的商业运输越来越受到关注。 Transnet管道运输公司最近获得了南非国家能源监管局（Nersa）的许可，可以建造和运营一条从德班到豪登省的直径60厘米的新石油产品管道。以10 km / h的速度运行时，建议的60 cm Transnet管道每小时将能够输送35.400亿升石油产品。这相当于使用公路油罐车每小时进行89次运输，平均每辆车的载油量为40000升。这种管道的吞吐量也相当于每小时开出两列火车，每列火车由42辆石油罐车组成，每辆车的平均承载能力为42 500升燃料。考虑到这种公路卡车和铁路货车空着返回德班的上游炼油厂，很明显，没有长期的，可替代的管道运输替代方法：管道运输比公路和铁路运输便宜得多;管道运输比铁路特别是公路运输;管道运输是一种非集装箱的散装运输方式，用于运输适当的液体（例如，石油商品，包括原油，精制燃料产品和液体石油化工产品），天然气，煤粉和某些水悬浮的矿石和矿物。在南非，石油产品占商业管道运输的大部分，其次是原油和天然气。石油管道运输系统有三种基本类型：集输管道系统，原油干线管道系统，精制产品管道系统这些系统共同在消耗区域提供了开采，加工，分销和批发商仓库之间的连续链接。在原产地和消费或应用地点之间的货物流动涉及以下活动：需求预测，设施选址，采购，物料搬运，包装，仓库管理，库存管理，订单处理，物流沟通，运输，反向后勤。由于每次在码头或仓储设施中处理货物时都产生成本而没有增加价值（活动4），因此主要的物流目标是尽可能地消除处理。通过管道运输原油和石油产品可以完全实现这一目标。商品的进，运，卸都结合在一个过程中，通常是遥控操作。管道运输是一种非集装箱式的散装运输方式，因此无需包装（活动5）和返回空容器。管道提供了这些起点和终点之间的直接长期联系。如有必要，可以提供连续的服务，而无需回程或反向泵送过程（活动11）。消除了处理，包装和反向物流活动，极大地促进了管道运输的规模经济。本文提供了在管道运输范围内进行的十一项物流活动中每项活动的描述。有效的物流服务是帮助确保客户在需要的时间和地点以所需的质量和数量获得所需产品的先决条件。物流服务绩效的最相关决定因素是适宜性，可及性，货物安全性，运输时间，可靠性和灵活性。本文讨论了管道运输在多大程度上符合上述每种有效措施。
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