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Typology of end-of-life priorities in Saudi females: averaging analysis and Q-methodology

机译：沙特女性寿命终止优先事项的类型：平均分析和Q方法

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Background: Understanding culture-and sex-related end-of-life preferences is essential to provide quality end-of-life care. We have previously explored end-of-life choices in Saudi males and found important culture-related differences and that Q-methodology is useful in identifying intraculture, opinion-based groups. Here, we explore Saudi females’ end-of-life choices. Methods: A volunteer sample of 68 females rank-ordered 47 opinion statements on end-of-life issues into a nine-category symmetrical distribution. The ranking scores of the statements were analyzed by averaging analysis and Q-methodology. Results: The mean age of the females in the sample was 30.3?years (range, 19–55?years). Among them, 51% reported average religiosity, 78% reported very good health, 79% reported very good life quality, and 100% reported high-school education or more. The extreme five overall priorities were to be able to say the statement of faith, be at peace with God, die without having the body exposed, maintain dignity, and resolve all conflicts. The extreme five overall dis-priorities were to die in the hospital, die well dressed, be informed about impending death by family/friends rather than doctor, die at peak of life, and not know if one has a fatal illness. Q-methodology identified five opinion-based groups with qualitatively different characteristics: “physical and emotional privacy concerned, family caring” (younger, lower religiosity), “whole person” (higher religiosity), “pain and informational privacy concerned” (lower life quality), “decisional privacy concerned” (older, higher life quality), and “life quantity concerned, family dependent” (high life quality, low life satisfaction). Out of the extreme 14 priorities/dis-priorities for each group, 21%–50% were not represented among the extreme 20 priorities/dis-priorities for the entire sample. Conclusion: Consistent with the previously reported findings in Saudi males, transcendence and dying in the hospital were the extreme end-of-life priority and dis-priority, respectively, in Saudi females. Body modesty was a major overall concern; however, concerns about pain, various types of privacy, and life quantity were variably emphasized by the five opinion-based groups but masked by averaging analysis.
机译：背景：了解与文化和性别相关的生命终止偏好对于提供优质的生命终止护理至关重要。我们之前曾探索过沙特男性的生命终结选择，发现了与文化有关的重要差异，并且Q方法论可用于识别基于意见的内部文化群体。在这里，我们探讨了沙特女性的生命终结选择。方法：自愿抽样的68位女性将关于报废问题的47条意见陈述按九种对称分布排序。通过平均分析和Q方法对陈述的排名得分进行分析。结果：样本中女性的平均年龄为30.3岁（19-55岁）。其中，51％的人表示平均宗教信仰，78％的人称身体健康，79％的人称其生活质量非常好，100％的人称其高中以上文化程度。总体而言，这五个极端优先事项是能够说出信仰声明，与上帝和睦相处，不暴露身体而死亡，保持尊严并解决所有冲突。总体上有五个极端的失误是在医院死亡，穿着整齐死亡，被家人/朋友而不是医生告知即将死亡的消息，在生命高峰期死亡，不知道是否有致命疾病。 Q-方法论确定了五个基于观点的群体，这些群体具有本质上不同的特征：“有关身体和情感隐私，家庭关怀”（年轻人，较低的宗教信仰），“整个人”（较高的宗教信仰），“有关疼痛和信息隐私”（较低寿命）质量），“有关决定性隐私”（年龄较大，生活质量较高）和“有关生活量，家庭依赖性”（生活质量较高，生活满意度较低）。在每组极端的14个优先事项/优先事项中，没有21％–50％代表整个样本的20个极端的优先事项/优先事项。结论：与先前报道的在沙特男性中的发现相一致，在沙特女性中，超越性和死亡是医院终生优先和无视的优先事项。身体谦虚是一个主要的整体问题。然而，五个基于意见的小组不同地强调了对痛苦，各种类型的隐私和生活量的担忧，但被平均分析掩盖了。

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