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首页> 外文期刊>Physical Review X >Fluctuating States: What is the Probability of a Thermodynamical Transition?
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Fluctuating States: What is the Probability of a Thermodynamical Transition?

机译：波动状态：热力学跃迁的概率是多少？

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摘要

If the second law of thermodynamics forbids a transition from one state to another, then it is still possible to make the transition happen by using a sufficient amount of work. But if we do not have access to this amount of work, can the transition happen probabilistically? In the thermodynamic limit, this probability tends to zero, but here we find that for finite-sized and quantum systems it can be finite. We compute the maximum probability of a transition or a thermodynamical fluctuation from any initial state to any final state and show that this maximum can be achieved for any final state that is block diagonal in the energy eigenbasis. We also find upper and lower bounds on this transition probability, in terms of the work of transition. As a by-product, we introduce a finite set of thermodynamical monotones related to the thermomajorization criteria which governs state transitions and compute the work of transition in terms of them. The trade-off between the probability of a transition and any partial work added to aid in that transition is also considered. Our results have applications in entanglement theory, and we find the amount of entanglement required (or gained) when transforming one pure entangled state into any other.
机译：如果热力学第二定律禁止从一种状态过渡到另一种状态，那么仍然有可能通过使用足够的功来使这种过渡发生。但是，如果我们无法获得如此大量的工作，过渡是否可能发生？在热力学极限中，该概率趋于零，但在这里我们发现对于有限大小和量子系统，它可以是有限的。我们计算了从任何初始状态到任何最终状态的跃迁或热力学波动的最大概率，并表明对于能量本征中块对角线的任何最终状态都可以实现该最大值。从过渡工作的角度，我们还找到了这种过渡概率的上限和下限。作为副产品，我们引入了与热主化准则相关的有限的热力学单调集合，该准则控制状态转换并根据状态转换计算功。还应考虑到过渡的可能性与为实现该过渡而添加的任何部分工作之间的折衷。我们的结果在纠缠理论中得到了应用，当将一个纯纠缠态转换为任何其他纠缠态时，我们发现了所需（或获得的）纠缠量。

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