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Yield, nitrogen use efficiency and balance response?to thirty-five years of fertilization in paddy rice-upland?wheat cropping system

机译：旱作-小麦套作方式对35年施肥的产量，氮素利用效率和平衡响应

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摘要

Optimal soil nitrogen management is vital to crop production and environment protection. Little knowledge is available on crop yield, nitrogen uptake, use efficiency and balance in paddy rice-upland wheat cropping system of China. A thirty-five-year long-term field experiment was designed with nine treatments, including an unfertilized treatment (control), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) fertilizer, manure (M), and manure combined with mineral fertilizer treatments. Crop yield, N uptake, use efficiency, and N surplus or deficit amount were determined. The results indicated that rice, wheat yield and N uptake amount in the manure combined with mineral fertilizer treatments were higher than that in the manure alone or mineral fertilizer alone treatments. N use efficiency was the highest in the treatment with manure alone. Soil N input indicated a surplus in the mineral fertilizer in combination with manure treatment, but soil N input indicated a deficit in the control, NPK and M treatments. Considering crop yields, N use efficiency and N balance, recommended N application amount is almost 220 kg N/ha/year in the paddy rice-upland wheat cropping system. Taking into account labour and fertilizer sources, half mineral N and half organic N applications were recommended.
机译：最佳的土壤氮素管理对作物生产和环境保护至关重要。中国水稻-旱地小麦种植系统对作物产量，氮素吸收，利用效率和平衡的了解很少。设计了一个为期35年的长期田间试验，其中有9种处理方法，包括未施肥（对照），氮（N），磷（P），钾（K）肥，肥料（M）和肥料与矿物肥料治疗。确定了作物产量，氮素吸收，利用效率以及氮素过量或亏缺量。结果表明，与化肥配合施用的肥料，水稻，小麦的产量和氮素吸收量均高于单独施用肥料或单独施用化肥的肥料。单用粪肥处理，氮素利用效率最高。土壤氮素输入与肥料处理相结合表明矿物肥料过剩，而土壤氮素输入表明对照，NPK和M处理不足。考虑到作物产量，氮素利用效率和氮素平衡，在水稻-旱地小麦种植系统中，推荐的氮素施用量几乎为220 kg N / ha /年。考虑到劳动力和肥料来源，建议施用一半的矿物氮和一半的有机氮。

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