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首页> 外文期刊>PLoS Biology >How to Live with the Enemy: Understanding Tolerance to Parasites
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How to Live with the Enemy: Understanding Tolerance to Parasites

机译：如何与敌人共处：了解对寄生虫的宽容

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How do we defend ourselves against pathogenic microbes and other parasites infecting us? Research on defence against parasites has traditionally focused on resistance—the ability to prevent infection or limit parasite replication. The genetics, physiology, and evolutionary ecology of such traits are now relatively well understood. During the last few years it has been realized that another, conceptually different type of defence also plays an important role in animal host–parasite interactions. This type of defence is called tolerance, and can be defined as the ability to limit the health effects of parasites without preventing infection or controlling parasite replication. Our understanding of the causes and consequences of variation in tolerance is, however, still rudimentary. Three recent studies shed light on these questions. In a study of HIV in humans, Regoes et al. show that an MHC class I gene affects not only resistance (as previously known) but also tolerance. In a study of voles, Jackson et al. identify a transcription factor mediating age differences in tolerance to macroparasites. Finally, Hayward et al. demonstrate that tolerance to intestinal parasites in sheep is under positive directional selection, but that most of the variation is environmentally induced rather than heritable. These studies increase our knowledge of the genetic and physiological sources of variation in tolerance, and how this variation affects Darwinian fitness. In addition, they illustrate different approaches to untangle tolerance from other factors determining the health effects of infectious disease.
机译：我们如何防御感染我们的病原微生物和其他寄生虫？传统上，针对寄生虫的防御研究主要集中在抵抗力上，即抵抗感染或限制寄生虫复制的能力。这些特征的遗传学，生理学和进化生态学现在相对被很好地理解。在过去的几年中，人们已经认识到，另一种概念上不同的防御方式在动物宿主与寄生虫的相互作用中也起着重要的作用。这种防御方式称为耐受，可以定义为在不防止感染或控制寄生虫复制的情况下限制寄生虫对健康的影响的能力。但是，我们对公差变化的原因和后果的理解仍然是基本的。最近的三项研究阐明了这些问题。 Regoes等人在一项关于人类HIV的研究中。结果表明，MHC I类基因不仅影响抗药性（如先前所知），而且还影响耐受性。在田鼠的研究中，杰克逊等人。确定介导年龄差异的转录因子对大寄生物的耐受性。最后，海沃德等。证明了对绵羊肠道寄生虫的耐受性是在正向选择下进行的，但是大多数变异是环境引起的而不是遗传性的。这些研究增加了我们对耐受性变异的遗传和生理来源的了解，以及这种变异如何影响达尔文适应性。此外，它们还说明了与其他因素（确定传染病对健康的影响）解开容忍度的不同方法。

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