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首页> 外文期刊>PLoS Computational Biology >Mouth-clicks used by blind expert human echolocators – signal description and model based signal synthesis
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Mouth-clicks used by blind expert human echolocators – signal description and model based signal synthesis

机译：盲人专业回声定位器使用的“ uth嗒声” –信号描述和基于模型的信号合成

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Echolocation is the ability to use sound-echoes to infer spatial information about the environment. Some blind people have developed extraordinary proficiency in echolocation using mouth-clicks. The first step of human biosonar is the transmission (mouth click) and subsequent reception of the resultant sound through the ear. Existing head-related transfer function (HRTF) data bases provide descriptions of reception of the resultant sound. For the current report, we collected a large database of click emissions with three blind people expertly trained in echolocation, which allowed us to perform unprecedented analyses. Specifically, the current report provides the first ever description of the spatial distribution (i.e. beam pattern) of human expert echolocation transmissions, as well as spectro-temporal descriptions at a level of detail not available before. Our data show that transmission levels are fairly constant within a 60° cone emanating from the mouth, but levels drop gradually at further angles, more than for speech. In terms of spectro-temporal features, our data show that emissions are consistently very brief (~3ms duration) with peak frequencies 2-4kHz, but with energy also at 10kHz. This differs from previous reports of durations 3-15ms and peak frequencies 2-8kHz, which were based on less detailed measurements. Based on our measurements we propose to model transmissions as sum of monotones modulated by a decaying exponential, with angular attenuation by a modified cardioid. We provide model parameters for each echolocator. These results are a step towards developing computational models of human biosonar. For example, in bats, spatial and spectro-temporal features of emissions have been used to derive and test model based hypotheses about behaviour. The data we present here suggest similar research opportunities within the context of human echolocation. Relatedly, the data are a basis to develop synthetic models of human echolocation that could be virtual (i.e. simulated) or real (i.e. loudspeaker, microphones), and which will help understanding the link between physical principles and human behaviour.
机译：回声定位是使用回声来推断有关环境的空间信息的能力。一些盲人通过点击一下嘴在回声定位方面已经非常熟练。人类生物声纳的第一步是通过耳朵进行传输（发出喀哒声）并随后接收合成声音。现有的与头部相关的传递函数（HRTF）数据库提供了接收到的声音的描述。对于本报告，我们收集了一个庞大的点击发射数据库，其中包括三名受过回声定位专业培训的盲人，这使我们能够进行空前的分析。具体而言，本报告提供了人类专家回声定位传输的空间分布（即波束方向图）的首次描述，以及以前没有的详细程度的光谱时间描述。我们的数据表明，从嘴发出的60°圆锥内的传输电平相当恒定，但与其他语音相比，传输电平在其他角度逐渐下降。就频谱时态特征而言，我们的数据表明，发射的持续时间非常短（〜3ms持续时间），峰值频率为2-4kHz，但能量也为10kHz。这与以前的报告（持续时间3-15ms和峰值频率2-8kHz）不同，后者是基于不太详细的测量结果。基于我们的测量，我们建议将传输建模为由衰减指数调制的单调之和，并由修改的心形指向角衰减。我们为每个echolocator提供模型参数。这些结果是开发人类生物声纳计算模型的一步。例如，在蝙蝠中，排放的时空和光谱时空特征已被用来推导和测试基于模型的有关行为的假设。我们在此提供的数据在人类回声定位的背景下暗示了类似的研究机会。相关地，数据是开发人类回声定位的综合模型的基础，该模型可以是虚拟的（即模拟的）或真实的（即扬声器，麦克风），并且将有助于理解物理原理与人类行为之间的联系。

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