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首页> 外文期刊>PLoS Medicine >Trade challenges at the World Trade Organization to national noncommunicable disease prevention policies: A thematic document analysis of trade and health policy space
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Trade challenges at the World Trade Organization to national noncommunicable disease prevention policies: A thematic document analysis of trade and health policy space

机译：世界贸易组织对国家非传染性疾病预防政策的贸易挑战：贸易和卫生政策空间的专题文件分析

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Background It has long been contested that trade rules and agreements are used to dispute regulations aimed at preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Yet most analyses of trade rules and agreements focus on trade disputes, potentially overlooking how a challenge to a regulation’s consistency with trade rules may lead to ‘policy or regulatory chill’ effects whereby countries delay, alter, or repeal regulations in order to avoid the costs of a dispute. Systematic empirical analysis of this pathway to impact was previously prevented by a dearth of systematically coded data. Methods and findings Here, we analyse a newly created dataset of trade challenges about food, beverage, and tobacco regulations among 122 World Trade Organization (WTO) members from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2016. We thematically describe the scope and frequency of trade challenges, analyse economic asymmetries between countries raising and defending them, and summarise 4 cases of their possible influence. Between 1995 and 2016, 93 food, beverage, and tobacco regulations were challenged at the WTO. ‘Unnecessary’ trade costs were the focus of 16.4% of the challenges. Only one (1.1%) challenge remained unresolved and escalated to a trade dispute. Thirty-nine (41.9%) challenges focussed on labelling regulations, and 18 (19.4%) focussed on quality standards and restrictions on certain products like processed meats and cigarette flavourings. High-income countries raised 77.4% (n = 72) of all challenges raised against low- and lower-middle–income countries. We further identified 4 cases in Indonesia, Chile, Colombia, and Saudi Arabia in which challenges were associated with changes to food and beverage regulations. Data limitations precluded a comprehensive evaluation of policy impact and challenge validity. Conclusions Policy makers appear to face significant pressure to design food, beverage, and tobacco regulations that other countries will deem consistent with trade rules. Trade-related influence on public health policy is likely to be understated by analyses limited to formal trade disputes.
机译：背景技术长期以来，人们一直争论将贸易规则和协议用于对旨在预防非传染性疾病（NCD）的法规提出异议。然而，大多数对贸易规则和协议的分析都集中在贸易争端上，有可能忽视对法规与贸易规则的一致性的挑战可能如何导致“政策或法规寒蝉”效应，从而使各国为避免成本而延迟，更改或废除法规。争执。以前由于缺乏系统编码的数据，无法对这种影响途径进行系统的经验分析。方法和调查结果在这里，我们分析了1995年1月1日至2016年12月31日期间在122个世界贸易组织（WTO）成员中有关食品，饮料和烟草法规的贸易挑战的新创建数据集。贸易挑战，分析提出和捍卫挑战的国家之间的经济不对称，并总结出4种可能的影响。在1995年至2016年间，世贸组织对93项食品，饮料和烟草法规提出了挑战。 “不必要的”贸易成本是挑战的16.4％。只有一个挑战（1.1％）尚未解决，并升级为贸易争端。三十九（41.9％）的挑战着重于标签法规，而十八（19.4％）的挑战着重于质量标准和对某些产品的限制，例如加工肉类和卷烟香精。在针对低收入和中低收入国家的所有挑战中，高收入国家占了77.4％（n = 72）。我们进一步确定了印度尼西亚，智利，哥伦比亚和沙特阿拉伯的4个案例，这些案例与食品和饮料法规的变更有关。数据限制使得无法对政策影响和挑战有效性进行全面评估。结论结论决策者似乎在设计食品，饮料和烟草法规方面面临着巨大的压力，而其他国家会认为这些法规与贸易法规保持一致。仅限于正式贸易争端的分析可能会低估与贸易有关的对公共卫生政策的影响。

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