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Achieving Population-Level Immunity to Rabies in Free-Roaming Dogs in Africa and Asia

机译：在非洲和亚洲实现对流浪狗的狂犬病免疫接种

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Canine rabies can be effectively controlled by vaccination with readily available, high-quality vaccines. These vaccines should provide protection from challenge in healthy dogs, for the claimed period, for duration of immunity, which is often two or three years. It has been suggested that, in free-roaming dog populations where rabies is endemic, vaccine-induced protection may be compromised by immuno-suppression through malnutrition, infection and other stressors. This may reduce the proportion of dogs that seroconvert to the vaccine during vaccination campaigns and the duration of immunity of those dogs that seroconvert. Vaccination coverage may also be limited through insufficient vaccine delivery during vaccination campaigns and the loss of vaccinated individuals from populations through demographic processes. This is the first longitudinal study to evaluate temporal variations in rabies vaccine-induced serological responses, and factors associated with these variations, at the individual level in previously unvaccinated free-roaming dog populations. Individual-level serological and health-based data were collected from three cohorts of dogs in regions where rabies is endemic, one in South Africa and two in Indonesia. We found that the vast majority of dogs seroconverted to the vaccine; however, there was considerable variation in titres, partly attributable to illness and lactation at the time of vaccination. Furthermore, >70% of the dogs were vaccinated through community engagement and door-to-door vaccine delivery, even in Indonesia where the majority of the dogs needed to be caught by net on successive occasions for repeat blood sampling and vaccination. This demonstrates the feasibility of achieving population-level immunity in free-roaming dog populations in rabies-endemic regions. However, attrition of immune individuals through demographic processes and waning immunity necessitates repeat vaccination of populations within at least two years to ensure communities are protected from rabies. These findings support annual mass vaccination campaigns as the most effective means to control canine rabies.
机译：狂犬病可以通过接种易于获得的高质量疫苗进行有效控制。在要求的时间内，这些疫苗应在健康犬中提供保护，使其免受攻击，免疫持续时间通常为两到三年。有人提出，在狂犬病为地方性流行的自由漫游犬群中，疫苗引起的保护作用可能由于营养不良，感染和其他应激因素而受到免疫抑制。这可以减少在疫苗接种运动中血清转化为疫苗的狗的比例，以及血清转化的那些狗的免疫时间。疫苗接种活动期间疫苗供应不足​​以及通过人口统计过程造成人群中疫苗接种人员的流失也可能会限制疫苗接种的覆盖面。这是首次纵向评估狂犬病疫苗引起的血清反应的时间变化以及与这些变化相关的因素的纵向研究，该水平是以前未接种疫苗的自由漫游狗种群的个体水平。从狂犬病流行地区的三批狗中收集了个体水平的血清学和基于健康的数据，其中一只在南非，两只在印度尼西亚。我们发现绝大多数的狗都被血清转化为疫苗。但是，滴度存在很大差异，部分归因于接种疫苗时的疾病和哺乳。此外，超过70％的狗通过社区参与和门到门疫苗接种进行了疫苗接种，即使在印度尼西亚，大多数狗也需要连续两次被网捕以进行重复的血液采样和疫苗接种。这证明了在狂犬病流行地区的自由漫游狗种群中实现种群一级免疫的可行性。然而，由于人口统计过程中免疫个体的减少和免疫力的下降，必须在至少两年内对人群进行再次疫苗接种，以确保社区免受狂犬病的侵害。这些发现支持年度大规模疫苗接种运动，是控制犬狂犬病的最有效手段。

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