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首页> 外文期刊>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases >Giardia and Vilém Du?an Lambl
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Giardia and Vilém Du?an Lambl

机译：贾第虫（Giardia）和维勒·杜（VilémDu？

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Giardiasis is a neglected disease that spreads worldwide from the Arctic [1] to the Tropics [2]. It affects nearly 2% of adults and 6% to 8% of children in developed countries worldwide. Nearly 33% of people in developing countries have had giardiasis [3]. The disease is caused by a binucleated flagellated protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia (synonyms: G. intestinalis and G. duodenalis) that inhabits the small intestine in humans and some other mammals. Giardia has two morphologically distinct developmental stages, the trophozoite and the cyst. The trophozoite resides and replicates in the upper small intestine and is responsible for disease manifestations; in the lower parts of the intestine, encystation occurs, and a thick protective cyst wall is formed in this process. The cyst is the infectious, environmentally resistant stage responsible for transmission [4]. People become infected with Giardia by swallowing Giardia cysts found in contaminated food or water. Cysts are instantly infectious once they leave the host through feces. An infected person might shed 1,000,000,000–10,000,000,000 cysts daily in their feces, and this might last for several months [3]. However, swallowing as few as ten cysts might cause someone to become ill. Giardia is mainly passed as anthroponosis, but zoonotic transmission also occurs. Clinical giardiasis is varied and ranges from asymptomatic passage of cysts to abdominal cramps, nausea, acute or chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, weight loss, and failure of children to thrive in both subclinical and symptomatic disease [4], [5]. Pathology in giardiasis is understood to arise in several ways. These include breakdown of the epithelial barrier, defects in the epithelial brush border, increased secretion of chloride ions, and hypermotility of the intestinal smooth muscles [5]. The factors determining the variability in clinical outcome in giardiasis are still poorly understood. However, host factors (such as genotype, type of microbiota in the gut, immune status, nutritional status, and age) as well as differences in virulence and pathogenicity of Giardia strains are recognized as important determinants for the severity of infection [5].
机译：贾第鞭毛虫病是一种被忽视的疾病，从北极[1]到热带[2]遍及全球。在世界范围内，它影响了近2％的成年人和6％至8％的儿童。发展中国家将近33％的人患有贾第鞭毛虫病[3]。该病是由居住在人和其他一些哺乳动物的小肠中的双齿鞭毛原生动物寄生贾第鞭毛虫贾第鞭毛虫（G. intestinalis和G. duodenalis）引起的。贾第鞭毛虫具有两个形态学上不同的发育阶段，即滋养体和囊肿。滋养体驻留并在小肠上部复制，并负责疾病表现。在肠道下部会发生粘连，并在此过程中形成厚厚的保护性囊肿壁。囊肿是传染的，对环境有害的阶段，负责传播[4]。人们通过吞咽被污染的食物或水中发现的贾第鞭毛虫囊而感染贾第鞭毛虫。囊肿通过粪便离开宿主后立即感染。感染者每天可能会在粪便中排出1,000,000,000–10,000,000,000个囊肿，这可能持续数月[3]。但是，吞咽少至十个囊肿可能会导致某人生病。贾第鞭毛虫主要通过人为途径传播，但也发生人畜共患病传播。临床上的贾第鞭毛虫病多种多样，从无症状的囊肿通过到腹部绞痛，恶心，急性或慢性腹泻，吸收不良，体重减轻以及儿童在亚临床和症状性疾病中均不能壮成长[4]，[5]。贾第鞭毛虫病的病理学以多种方式出现。这些包括上皮屏障的破坏，上皮刷状边界的缺陷，氯离子的分泌增加以及肠平滑肌的过度运动[5]。影响贾第鞭毛虫病临床结果变异性的因素仍知之甚少。但是，宿主因子（例如基因型，肠道菌群类型，免疫状态，营养状态和年龄）以及贾第鞭毛虫菌株的毒力和致病性差异被认为是感染严重程度的重要决定因素[5]。

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