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首页> 外文期刊>The Internet Journal of Rescue and Disaster Medicine >EMS Response To Columbine: Lessons Learned
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EMS Response To Columbine: Lessons Learned

机译：EMS对哥伦拜恩的回应：经验教训

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The events that unfolded in Littleton, Colorado on 20 April 1999 would leave an indelible mark on the psyche of America. Images of frantic adolescents fleeing their school while Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) operators prepared to make entry were televised throughout the world. The name Columbine became synonymous with the worst school shooting in United States history. On that day, two Columbine High School students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, attacked their school using semiautomatic weapons and nearly 100 improvised incendiary and explosive devices. This article is based in part on the work done by the U.S. Fire Administration as documented in Report 128 of the Major Fires Investigation Project conducted by Varley-Campbell and Associates, Inc. / TriData Corporation under contract EME-97-CO-0506. That document is available on the web from the USFA WEB Page at http://www.usfa.fema.gov. HKM was a participant in the creation of that report. Introduction The events that unfolded in Littleton, Colorado on 20 April 1999 would leave an indelible mark on the psyche of America. Images of frantic adolescents fleeing their school while Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) operators prepared to make entry were televised throughout the world. The name Columbine became synonymous with the worst school shooting in United States history. On that day, two Columbine High School students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, attacked their school using semiautomatic weapons and nearly 100 improvised incendiary and explosive devices. Many of these devices were designed to inflict damage on fleeing students and on responding emergency personnel. In the aftermath of the attack, 15 people were dead (including both perpetrators). In all, one hundred and sixty persons were triaged by Fire and EMS personnel, 24 of whom had serious injuries. These patients were triaged in one of four different sites. Many mutual aid ambulances and EMS personnel were on scene. As a result, prioritizing patients for transport was far easier than would otherwise be expected.The attack required an enormous and complex response from law enforcement, fire and EMS personnel. Although there had been previous school shooting incidents, events at Columbine changed the rules for active shooter incidents [1]. Many of the initial responders were at significant risk of physical injury. As noted in the timeline of events, EMS arrived on scene began operations prior to the cessation of the attack. Three distinct and critical missions needed to be simultaneously addressed: 1. law enforcement mitigation of the active shooter event, 2. EMS triage and treatment of the casualties and 3. fire suppression and rescue. The purpose of this article is to summarize the EMS response to this attack. It will attempt to highlight challenges faced by the EMS units working on the scene and the methods they used to address them. It is hoped that the lessons learned that tragic day will be of benefit to other communities, so that errors made will not be repeated. Overview of the Littleton EMS System A suburb of Denver, Littleton, Colorado covers a total area of 13.9 square miles (36.1 square kilometers). According to the 2000 US Census, 40,340 people live in 17,313 households [2]. The Littleton fire department utilizes the cross-trained / dual role model of fire-based EMS. All of Littleton's firefighters are at least trained to the Emergency Medical Technician – Basic level. In February 1999 (two months before the attack), the Littleton Fire Department increased the level of fire and EMS integration by adding advanced life support (ALS) equipment to all fire apparatus and deploying at least one paramedic and one EMT on every apparatus. Littleton Fire Department Rescue Ambulances (RAs) serve as the primary EMS transport units in the service area. These ALS-capable RA units are staffed with one Emergency Medical Technician – Paramedic (EMT-P) and one Emergency Medical Technician – Basic (EMT-B). The commu
机译：1999年4月20日在科罗拉多州利特尔顿发生的事件将在美国的心中留下不可磨灭的印记。全世界都在播放特殊武器和战术（SWAT）操作员准备进入的疯狂青少年逃离学校的图像。哥伦拜恩这个名字成为美国历史上最严重的枪击事件的代名词。那天，哥伦拜恩高中的两名学生，埃里克·哈里斯（Eric Harris）和迪伦·克莱伯（Dylan Klebold），使用半自动武器和将近100种简易燃烧弹和爆炸装置袭击了他们的学校。本文部分基于美国消防局所做的工作，该工作已在Varley-Campbell and Associates，Inc./ TriData Corporation根据EME-97-CO-0506合同进行的重大火灾调查项目的报告128中进行了记录。该文档可从USFA WEB页面的http://www.usfa.fema.gov网站上获得。 HKM参与了该报告的创建。引言1999年4月20日在科罗拉多州利特尔顿发生的事件将在美国的精神上留下不可磨灭的印记。全世界都在电视上播放着疯狂的青少年逃离学校，而特种武器和战术（SWAT）操作员准备进入的画面。哥伦拜恩这个名字成为美国历史上最严重的枪击事件的代名词。那天，哥伦拜恩高中的两名学生，埃里克·哈里斯（Eric Harris）和迪伦·克莱伯（Dylan Klebold），使用半自动武器和将近100个简易燃烧弹和爆炸装置袭击了学校。这些设备中的许多设备旨在对逃学的学生和应急人员造成伤害。袭击发生后，有15人死亡（包括两名肇事者）。共有160人被消防和EMS人员分类，其中24人重伤。这些患者在四个不同的地点之一进行了分诊。现场有许多互助救护车和急救人员。结果，优先安排患者的运输要比原先预期的要容易得多。攻击需要执法，消防和EMS人员做出巨大而复杂的响应。尽管以前曾发生过学校枪击事件，但哥伦拜恩事件改变了主动射手事件的规则[1]。许多最初的反应者有明显的身体伤害风险。如事件时间表中所述，在攻击停止之前，到达现场的EMS已开始运行。需要同时处理三个不同而关键的任务：1.减轻主动射击事件的执法力度; 2.紧急医疗服务分类并处理伤亡人员;以及3.灭火和营救。本文的目的是总结EMS对这种攻击的响应。它将试图突出现场工作的EMS部门所面临的挑战及其解决方法。希望吸取的教训是，悲惨的一天将对其他社区有益，从而避免犯下的错误。 Littleton EMS系统概述位于科罗拉多州Littleton的丹佛市郊区，总面积为13.9平方英里（36.1平方公里）。根据2000年美国人口普查，有40,340人居住在17,313户家庭中[2]。利特尔顿消防部门利用基于消防的EMS的交叉训练/双重角色模型。利特尔顿的所有消防员至少都接受过紧急医疗技术人员的基本培训。 1999年2月（袭击发生前两个月），利特尔顿消防局通过向所有消防设备添加先进的生命支持（ALS）设备并在每台设备上至少部署一名护理人员和一名EMT，提高了消防和EMS集成的水平。利特尔顿消防局急救救护车（RA）是服务区内的主要EMS运输单位。这些具有ALS能力的RA部门配备了一名紧急医疗技术人员-护理人员（EMT-P）和一名紧急医疗技术人员-基础（EMT-B）。通讯

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