Incident Command System: The History And Need

Jim Stumpf

摘要

The concepts and principles of ICS have been in use throughout the United States, Australia, New Zealand and other countries for about 30 years. The system continues to receive acceptance and is embraced from others who learn and use the system. The Unified Command concepts simply stated is a system whereby no agency or function will divest their authority or responsibility on any incident. All agencies assign to the command or staff roles will share equally in the development of overall objectives and management of the entire incident. INTRODUCTION The complexity of incident management, coupled with the growing need for multi-agency and multifunctional involvement on incidents, has increased the need for a single standard incident management system that can be used by all emergency response disciplines. The medical field, from practitioners to hospitals staff, is no exception.Factors affecting emergency management and which influence the need for a more efficient and cost-effective incident management system follow. Not all of these apply to every incident but without a great deal of imagination application for many of these is obvious. Population growth and spread of urban areas. Language and cultural differences. More multi-jurisdictional incidents. Legal changes mandating standard incident management systems of multi-agency involvement at certain incidents (many states, the U.S. Coast Guard, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, National Fire Protection Association, National Association for Search and Rescue, etc.). Shortage of resources at all levels, requiring greater use of mutual aid. More complex and inter-related incident situations. Greater life property loss risk from natural and human caused technological disasters. Sophisticated media coverage demanding immediate answers and emphasizing response effectiveness. More frequent cost sharing decisions on incidents. These factors have accelerated the trend toward more complex incidents. Considering the fiscal and resource constraints of local, state and federal responders, the National Interagency Incident Management System, Incident Command System (NIIMS/ICS) is a logical approach for the delivery of coordinated emergency services to the public. DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY ICS resulted from the obvious need for a new approach to the problem of managing rapidly moving wildfires in the early 1970’s. At that time, emergency managers faced a number of problems, many of these has yet to be universally resolved. These problems include: Too many people reporting to one supervisor. Different emergency response organizational structures. Lack of reliable incident information. Inadequate and incompatible communications. Lack of structure for coordinated planning between agencies. Unclear lines of authority. Terminology differences between agencies Unclear or unspecified incident objectives. Designing a standard emergency management system to remedy the problems listed above took several years and extensive field-testing. ICS was developed by an inter-agency task force through a cooperative local, State and federal effort called FIRESCOPE (Fire Fighting Resources of Southern California Organized for Potential Emergencies). The early developmental process recognized and keyed on several requirements for the system that exist today. These include: The system must be organizationally flexible to meet the needs of incidents of any kind and size. Agencies must be able to use the system on a day-to-day basis for routine situations as well as for major emergencies. The system must be sufficiently standard to allow personnel from a variety of agencies and diverse geographical locations to rapidly meld into a common management structure. The system must be cost-effective. Initial ICS applications were designed for responding to disastrous wildland fires. It is interesting to note that the characteristics of these wildland fire inciden

机译：ICS的概念和原理已在美国，澳大利亚，新西兰和其他国家/地区使用了大约30年。该系统继续得到认可，并被其他学习和使用该系统的人所拥护。简而言之，统一指挥概念是一个系统，在该系统中，任何机构或职能部门都不会在任何事件上放弃其权威或责任。所有分配给司令部或人员角色的机构都将在制定总体目标和管理整个事件中平均分配。简介事件管理的复杂性，以及对事件的多机构和多功能参与的不断增长的需求，增加了对可用于所有应急响应学科的单一标准事件管理系统的需求。从从业者到医院工作人员的医疗领域也不例外。影响应急管理并影响对更有效和更具成本效益的事件管理系统需求的因素随之而来。并非所有这些方法都适用于每个事件，但是没有很多想象力的应用程序，其中许多是显而易见的。人口增长和城市地区扩散。语言和文化差异。更多的跨辖区事件。法律变更规定了在某些事件上由多机构参与的标准事件管理系统（许多州，美国海岸警卫队，环境保护局，联邦紧急事务管理局，美国公共卫生局，国家消防协会，国家搜救协会，等等。）。各级资源短缺，需要更多使用互助。更复杂且相互关联的事件情况。自然和人为造成的技术灾难带来更大的生命财产损失风险。复杂的媒体报道要求立即得到答案，并强调回应的有效性。关于事件的更频繁的成本分担决策。这些因素加速了向更复杂的事件发展的趋势。考虑到地方，州和联邦应急人员的财政和资源限制，国家机构间事件管理系统，事件指挥系统（NIIMS / ICS）是向公众提供协调紧急服务的逻辑方法。发展史ICS的出现，显然是需要一种新方法来解决1970年代初期管理快速移动的野火的问题。当时，应急管理人员面临许多问题，其中许多问题尚未得到普遍解决。这些问题包括：太多人向一位主管汇报工作。不同的应急组织结构。缺乏可靠的事件信息。通信不足和不兼容。机构之间缺乏协调计划的结构。权限不明确。机构之间的术语差异不清楚或未指定事件目标。设计一个标准的应急管理系统来解决上述问题，花费了数年时间并进行了广泛的现场测试。 ICS是由机构间工作组通过称为FIRESCOPE（为潜在紧急事件组织的南加州消防资源）在地方，州和联邦政府的合作下开发的。早期的开发过程认识到并锁定了当今对系统的若干要求。其中包括：系统必须在组织上具有灵活性，以满足各种类型和规模的事件的需求。代理商必须能够在日常情况以及重大紧急情况下每天使用该系统。该系统必须具有足够的标准，以允许来自各种机构和不同地理位置的人员迅速融入一个共同的管理结构。该系统必须具有成本效益。最初的ICS应用程序旨在应对灾难性的野火。有趣的是，这些荒野火灾的特征

Incident Command System: The History And Need

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