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首页> 外文期刊>The Internet Journal of Orthopedic Surgery >A Comparative Study of Serum Electrolytes, Total Protein, Calcium and Phosphate Among Diabetic and HIV/AIDS Patients in Abakaliki, Southeastern, Nigeria
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A Comparative Study of Serum Electrolytes, Total Protein, Calcium and Phosphate Among Diabetic and HIV/AIDS Patients in Abakaliki, Southeastern, Nigeria

机译：尼日利亚东南部阿巴卡利基市糖尿病和艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者血清电解质，总蛋白，钙和磷酸盐的比较研究

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Background: Diabetic and HIV/AIDS patients often suffer electrolyte disturbances but the difference in the degree of derangement in the two conditions is not known. Methods: Serum electrolytes, calcium, Phosphate and total protein were estimated in 60 Diabetics (45 with good glycaemic control, 15 with poor glucose control), 60 HIV/AIDS patients (24 HAART users, 36 non-HAART users) and 60 apparently healthy volunteers who were HIV-seronegative without history of D/M. Results: Mean serum levels of some electrolytes were significantly lower in diabetics and HIV/AIDS patients than in controls, but were much lower in diabetics than in HIV/AIDS patients (p < 0.05). The greater disturbances in serum electrolytes in diabetics improved with glycaemic control. In addition to restoring electrolyte status, HAART use in HIV/AIDS patients significantly improved serum total protein. Conclusion: This study shows that diabetic patients exhibit greater electrolyte disturbances than people living with HIV/AIDS. These preliminary findings warrant future re-examination. Strict monitoring of serum electrolytes in the two conditions is recommended as early detection and treatment of these abnormalities will enhance the quality of life of patients. Introduction With high morbidity and mortality worldwide, diabetes mellitus and HIV/AIDS remain two clinical conditions of public health importance especially in developing countries [1, 2]. However, while HIV/AIDS is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (transmitted through sexual contact, contact with HIV-contaminated sharp objects, body fluids or from mother-to-child), diabetes mellitus may be of viral or genetic and/or environmental aetiology [3, 4].Studies have shown that the incidence of diabetes has been on the increase in recent times with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV/AIDS [5, 6]. It has been shown that HAART-use, especially the protease inhibitors (PI) among HIV/AIDS patients are associated with multiple complex metabolic alterations. Treatment of HIV/AIDS with PIs has been found to induce hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance [7]. Michael [8] has shown that new-onset diabetes mellitus, clinically similar to type 2 diabetes will affect about (1-6%) of patients infected with HIV and are receiving protease inhibitors. Additionally, treatments with protease inhibitors have been associated with high incidence of osteopenia and osteoporosis with mean serum calcium levels declining with HIV progression [5]. Patients with diabetes mellitus and HIV/AIDS show some similar clinical manifestations such as excessive sweat, diarrhoea, dysuria, tiredness and weight loss [3, 9]. Excessive sweat, diarrhoea and dysuria have been implicated in the abnormalities of electrolyte balance. Furthermore, HIV infection has been associated with renal disease (HIV- associated nephropathy), which is characterized, by nephritic-stage proteinuria (>3.5g/dl), azotaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and occasionally hypocalcaemia [10, 11, 12]. Electrolyte abnormalities and altered mineral metabolism which occur in patients with HIV/AIDS [13] have been found to contribute to bone diseases, cardiovascular diseases and other clinical problems [14].With increase in life expectancy and alterations in lipid and mineral metabolism due to PI therapy, it is expected that diabetes mellitus and hypertension, which may consequently lead to secondary diabetic and hypertensive renal damage, will increase. This study which aims to provide baseline data for the differential diagnosis and effective management of HIV-infected patients who are at the risk of developing diabetes mellitus due to HAART-use will compare the plasma electrolytes, total protein, calcium and phosphate in diabetic and HIV infected Nigerians. Methodology Site and study population. This study was conducted at the Departments of Chemical Pathology, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital (EBSUTH), Abakaliki. The study area
机译：背景：糖尿病患者和HIV / AIDS患者经常遭受电解质紊乱，但尚不清楚这两种情况下精神紊乱程度的差异。方法：对60名糖尿病患者（45名血糖控制良好，15名血糖控制不良的患者），60名艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者（24名HAART使用者，36名非HAART使用者）和60名健康状况良好的人进行血清电解质，钙，磷酸盐和总蛋白的估算没有D / M史的HIV血清阴性志愿者。结果：糖尿病患者和HIV / AIDS患者的某些电解质的平均血清水平显着低于对照组，但糖尿病患者却显着低于HIV / AIDS患者（p <0.05）。血糖控制可改善糖尿病患者血清电解质的较大紊乱。除了恢复电解质状态，HIV / AIDS患者使用HAART还可以显着改善血清总蛋白。结论：这项研究表明，糖尿病患者比HIV / AIDS患者表现出更大的电解质紊乱。这些初步发现需要将来进行重新检查。建议严格监测两种情况下的血清电解质，因为及早发现和治疗这些异常现象将提高患者的生活质量。引言糖尿病和艾滋病毒/艾滋病在世界范围内具有很高的发病率和死亡率，在公共卫生中仍然是两个重要的临床条件，特别是在发展中国家[1、2]。然而，尽管艾滋病毒/艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（通过性接触，与受艾滋病毒污染的尖锐物体，体液或母婴传播）引起的，但糖尿病可能是病毒性或遗传性和/或环境病因[3，4]。研究表明，近年来随着采用高活性抗逆转录病毒疗法（HAART）来治疗HIV / AIDS，糖尿病的发病率正在增加[5，6]。已经表明，使用HAART，尤其是HIV / AIDS患者中的蛋白酶抑制剂（PI）与多种复杂的代谢改变有关。已经发现用PIs治疗HIV / AIDS会引起高脂血症和胰岛素抵抗[7]。迈克尔[8]表明，临床上与2型糖尿病相似的新发糖尿病将影响约（1-6％）受HIV感染的患者并正在接受蛋白酶抑制剂。另外，蛋白酶抑制剂的治疗与骨质疏松症和骨质疏松症的高发有关，平均血清钙水平随HIV的发展而下降[5]。患有糖尿病和HIV / AIDS的患者表现出一些相似的临床表现，例如出汗过多，腹泻，排尿困难，疲倦和体重减轻[3，9]。过多的汗水，腹泻和排尿困难与电解质平衡异常有关。此外，HIV感染与肾脏疾病（HIV相关的肾病）有关，其特征是肾病期蛋白尿（> 3.5g / dl），氮质血症，低白蛋白血症和偶发性低钙血症[10、11、12]。已经发现，HIV / AIDS患者中发生的电解质异常和矿物质代谢改变[13]会导致骨骼疾病，心血管疾病和其他临床问题[14]。随着预期寿命的增加以及脂质和矿物质代谢的改变， PI疗法预期会导致继发性糖尿病和高血压肾损害的糖尿病和高血压会增加。这项研究旨在为因使用HAART而有发展为糖尿病风险的HIV感染患者的鉴别诊断和有效管理提供基线数据，该研究将比较糖尿病患者和HIV患者的血浆电解质，总蛋白质，钙和磷酸盐感染了尼日利亚人。方法论研究并研究人群。这项研究是在阿巴卡利基的埃博尼州立大学教学医院（EBSUTH）化学病理学系进行的。学习区

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