• 主题
高级搜索  >
历史搜索 清空历史
首页> 外文期刊>The Internet Journal of Academic Physician Assistants >Efficacy And Tolerability Of The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Zanamivir
【24h】

Efficacy And Tolerability Of The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Zanamivir

机译：神经氨酸酶抑制剂扎那米韦的功效和耐受性

获取原文
           
页面导航
  • 摘要
  • 著录项
  • 相似文献
  • 相关主题

摘要

Until recently, management options for influenza were limited to vaccination and use of the M2 inhibitors amantadine or rimantadine. Increased insight into the mechanisms of influenza virus replication combined with advances in the science of rational drug design have resulted in the development of the neuraminidase inhibitors, a new class of medicines that promise significantly to impact the management of influenza. The neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir is the first antiviral specifically developed to combat both influenza A and influenza B viruses. The efficacy and tolerability of zanamivir have been established in an extensive program of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials conducted at study sites throughout the world. Zanamivir rapidly and effectively alleviated influenza symptoms regardless of patients' age or clinical characteristics. In clinical trials involving more than 4000 patients and in usual clinical practice involving tens of thousands more to date, no zanamivir-resistant viruses have been isolated. Adverse event data collected during Phase II and Phase III clinical trials of zanamivir in the treatment of influenza show that it has favorable tolerability, a feature that distinguishes it from other antiviral therapies for influenza. An important tool for the management of influenza, zanamivir will help health care practitioners to reduce the clinical, economic, and humanistic impacts of this disease. INTRODUCTION In the spring of 1997, an infant boy in Hong Kong died 12 days after contracting a respiratory illness. The illness was later identified as influenza and traced to a variant of Influenza A virus H5N1, previously known to infect only birds.1,2 Influenza caused by the H5N1 variant eventually spread to at least 18 Hong Kong residents and caused 6 deaths. The means by which it infected humans remains unknown, although direct transmission of the virus from birds to humans is suggested by the finding that all but one of the human cases had been exposed to live chickens during the days before their illness. H5N1 did not appear to spread efficiently from person to person, and no additional cases of human infection were reported after the authorities mandated the destruction of all 1.6 million birds in Hong Kong.The infection of humans with the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus variant served as a reminder of the ever-present threat of emergence in human populations of new influenza virus subtypes to which there is little or no pre-existing immunity. Fortunately, the H5N1 variant was not capable of efficient person-to-person transmission. Had it been highly contagious, it may have sparked an influenza pandemic.Influenza pandemics, which have occurred approximately every 15 years over the last century, cause significant morbidity and mortality. A shift in the predominant circulating virus subtype from H1N1 to H2N2 in 1957, for example, ignited a pandemic that resulted in approximately 70,000 excess deaths (that is, deaths exceeding the number expected when an epidemic is not present) in the United States alone.3 Even in nonpandemic years and in years when less pathogenic strains predominate, the influenza virus is a major cause of death and debilitation. The excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics occurring every one to three years has increased during the last 15 years to approximately 30,000 persons per year in the United States.4 Influenza epidemics typically have an abrupt onset and end separated by a 2- to 3-week upsurge in the frequency of new cases and a 2- to 3-month plateau.3 Community outbreaks are often heralded by an increase in medical visits from children suffering from fever and respiratory illness. This increase in the incidence of pediatric visits is followed by more respiratory consultations from adults and the elderly, who may present or develop life-threatening complications, such as pneumonia or exacerbations of chronic pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases. Cough and fever, usually
机译：直到最近，管理流感的选择还仅限于疫苗接种和使用M2抑制剂金刚烷胺或金刚乙胺。对流感病毒复制机制的深入了解与合理药物设计科学的发展相结合，导致了神经氨酸酶抑制剂的开发，神经氨酸酶抑制剂是一类有望显着影响流感管理的新型药物。神经氨酸酶抑制剂扎那米韦是第一种专为对抗甲型和乙型流感病毒而开发的抗病毒药物。扎那米韦的疗效和耐受性已在世界各地的研究地点进行的一项广泛的双盲，安慰剂对照试验计划中确立。扎那米韦可快速有效地缓解流感症状，无论患者的年龄或临床特征如何。迄今为止，在涉及4000多名患者的临床试验中以及在涉及数以万计的常规临床实践中，尚未分离出耐扎那米韦的病毒。在扎那米韦治疗流感的II期和III期临床试验中收集的不良事件数据表明，它具有良好的耐受性，这一特征使其与其他抗流感病毒疗法区别开来。扎那米韦是控制流感的重要工具，它将帮助医疗保健从业人员减少这种疾病的临床，经济和人文影响。引言1997年春季，香港一名男婴患呼吸道疾病后死亡12天。该病后来被确认为流行性感冒，并追溯到以前只感染鸟类的甲型流感病毒H5N1变种。1,2H5N1变种引起的流感最终传播到至少18名香港居民，造成6人死亡。尽管发现除了一个人类病例外，其他所有人类病例都在生鸡之前曾接触过活鸡，但仍表明该病毒感染人类的​​方式仍然未知。 H5N1病毒似乎无法在人与人之间有效传播，在当局要求销毁香港所有160万只禽类后，没有再发生其他人类感染病例的报道。提醒人们，新的流感病毒亚型在人类中的威胁不断出现，而此前几乎没有或没有免疫力。幸运的是，H5N1变种无法进行有效的人对人传播。如果它具有高度的传染性，则可能引发了流感大流行。上世纪大约每15年发生一次流感大流行，导致大量发病和死亡。例如，仅在美国，主要的循环病毒亚型在1957年就从H1N1转变为H2N2，引发了一场大流行，导致大约70,000多例过量死亡（即，死亡人数超过没有流行病时的预期死亡人数）。 3即使在非大流行的年份以及致病性菌株较少的年份，流感病毒也是造成死亡和衰弱的主要原因。在过去的15年中，与流感大流行相关的每1至3年的超额死亡率已增加到美国每年约30,000人。4流感大流行通常突然发作，并以2至3周的间隔结束新病例的发病率激增和为期2到3个月的平稳期。3社区暴发通常是由于患有发烧和呼吸道疾病的儿童就诊次数增加所致。儿科就诊的发生率增加，随后成年人和老年人进行了更多的呼吸咨询，他们可能会出现或发展威胁生命的并发症，例如肺炎或慢性肺或心血管疾病的恶化。通常咳嗽和发烧

著录项

相似文献

  • 外文文献
  • 中文文献
  • 专利
获取原文

客服邮箱：kefu@zhangqiaokeyan.com

京公网安备：11010802029741号 ICP备案号：京ICP备15016152号-6 六维联合信息科技 (北京) 有限公司©版权所有

  • 客服微信

  • 服务号