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首页> 外文期刊>The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine >Prioritization of Malaria endemic zones in Arunachal Pradesh: A novel application of self organizing maps (SOM)
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Prioritization of Malaria endemic zones in Arunachal Pradesh: A novel application of self organizing maps (SOM)

机译：在阿鲁纳恰尔邦疟疾流行区的优先次序：自组织图谱（SOM）的一种新颖应用

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Malaria continues to pose a serious threat to public health in North- Eastern states of India. Arunachal Pradesh is highly endemic for Malaria predominately with Plasmodium falciparium infections. Despite continuous efforts by government, a desirable level of control has not been achieved. The present study describes the application of self organizing maps (Kohonen maps), a data mining tool for prioritization of malaria endemic zones in this region. 60 PHCs (Public Health Centers) were randomly selected from Arunachal Pradesh and 6 malariometric parameters via Annual Blood Examination rate (ABER), Annual Parasite Incidence (API), Slide Positivity Rate (SPR), Annual Falciparum Incidence (AFI) and Slide Falciparum Rate (SFR) were considered which reflected the intensity of malaria transmission in this region. Self Organizing Maps yielded 9 clusters based on neighborhood distance, which reflects about zones based on status of intensity of malaria epidemiology. Such maps would make it possible to target control measures at high-risk areas and greatly increase the cost efficiency of malaria control programmes. Introduction Malaria, the third leading cause of death attributable to an infectious disease worldwide, has plagued mankind for countless generations. Malaria remains a public health problem in 90 countries in the world (1) and causes more than 300 million acute illnesses and at least one million deaths annually (2).The annual malaria burden in India estimates to nearly 2 to 2.5 million cases. North-Eastern region of India is in the Indo-Chinese hill zone of Macdonald's classification of stable malaria (3) and contributes nearly 9% of total malaria cases in India (4). In this region, efficient malaria transmission is maintained during most months of the year and slashes potential economic growth and thus is a major impediment to the overall development and progress of these areas.Despite of several anti-malaria programmes being implemented under National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, this region has seen little tangible progress in alleviating the burden of malaria (5, 6). Apparently, there are definite inadequacies that continue to dampen the spirit of public health specialists even during the halcyon days of malaria eradication.On closer scrutiny, it was evident that, there being financial and technical constraints common to all states of India, operational difficulties are hampering the effective malaria control in the North-Eastern region (7). These very areas remain inaccessible owing to floods and poor road communication. The major reasons of perennial and persistent malaria transmission are predominance of Plasmodium falciparum (8, 9), difficult terrain (10), congenial eco-climatic conditions (8), lack of proper implementation of control operations and ineffective communication between health researchers and policy makers. The problem of drug resistance (11, 12, 13), exophilic and exophagic vector behaviour and high efficiency of vectors (11, 14, 15) further aggravate the situation. Due to these various factors encountered in the North-Eastern region, malaria continues to present health services with an immensely difficult and complex challenge. The highly focal nature of malaria requires targeting of interventions to specific regions and malaria control interventions must be preceded by the identification and prioritization of the most vulnerable. Hence, there is an imperative need for exploitation of advanced Information Technology tools which can prioritize the endemic zones to liberate the region from manacles of this pandemic. Information technology has been successfully exploited in different spheres of control of vector- borne diseases. Computer applications in database management and data mining have paved way for control of malaria(16) and Filariasis (17, 18) and have proved to be a valuable tool in decision making in vector identification (19). Computer simulation models of vector borne diseases ha
机译：疟疾继续对印度东北邦的公共健康构成严重威胁。阿鲁纳恰尔邦（Arunachal Pradesh）是疟疾的高度流行病，主要是恶性疟原虫感染。尽管政府不断作出努力，但仍未达到理想的控制水平。本研究描述了自组织地图（Kohonen地图）的应用，自组织地图是用于对该区域疟疾流行区进行优先排序的数据挖掘工具。通过年度血液检查率（ABER），年度寄生虫发病率（API），玻片阳性率（SPR），年度恶性疟发病率（AFI）和幻灯片恶性疟疾率从阿鲁纳恰尔邦和60个疟疾测定参数中随机选择了60个初级卫生保健中心（公共卫生中心）。 （SFR）被认为反映了该地区疟疾传播的强度。自组织图根据邻域距离得出9个聚类，根据疟疾流行病学的强度状况反映了各个区域。这样的地图将使针对高风险地区的控制措施成为可能，并大大提高了疟疾控制计划的成本效率。引言疟疾是世界范围内第三种导致传染病的主要死亡原因，无数代人困扰着人类。疟疾仍然是世界上90个国家/地区中的公共卫生问题（1），每年造成3亿多例急性疾病和至少100万人死亡（2）。印度每年的疟疾负担估计将近2至250万例。印度的东北地区处于Macdonald稳定疟疾分类的印度支那山丘地区（3），占印度总疟疾病例的近9％（4）。在该地区，一年中的大多数月份都保持着有效的疟疾传播，并阻碍了潜在的经济增长，因此成为这些地区总体发展和进步的主要障碍。在控制计划中，该地区在减轻疟疾负担方面没有实质性进展（5、6）。显然，即使在消灭疟疾的宁静日期间，仍然存在着一定的不足之处，这些不足之处仍继续削弱公共卫生专家的精神。在更仔细的审查中，很明显，印度所有州普遍存在财务和技术方面的限制，操作上的困难仍然存在。阻碍了东北地区有效的疟疾控制（7）。由于洪水和道路通讯不畅，这些地区仍然无法进入。疟疾常年和持续传播的主要原因是恶性疟原虫占主导地位（8，9），地形困难（10），适宜的生态气候条件（8），缺乏适当的控制措施实施以及卫生研究人员与政策之间缺乏有效的沟通制造商。耐药性（11、12、13），外生性和外生性媒介行为以及媒介效率高（11、14、15）的问题进一步加剧了这种情况。由于东北地区遇到各种因素，疟疾继续为卫生服务提供了巨大的困难和复杂的挑战。疟疾的高度集中性要求将干预措施针对特定地区，在控制疟疾干预措施之前必须确定最脆弱的人群并确定其优先次序。因此，迫切需要开发先进的信息技术工具，这些工具可以优先考虑流行区，以使该地区摆脱这种流行病的危害。信息技术已在媒介传播疾病的不同控制领域得到成功利用。计算机在数据库管理和数据挖掘中的应用为控制疟疾（16）和丝虫病（17，18）铺平了道路，并已被证明是矢量识别决策中的宝贵工具（19）。病媒传播疾病的计算机模拟模型

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