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Toxicological Effects of Exposure to Gasoline Vapour in Male and Female Rats

机译：暴露于雄性和雌性大鼠中的汽油蒸气的毒理学效应

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Toxicological effects of premium motor spirit (PMS) blend of gasoline vapours was assessed from the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities, total serum bilirubin level and the relative percentage liver weight in male and female Wistar rats after 6 hrs daily exposure to gasoline vapours for 20 weeks. The results showed that gasoline vapours produced significant increase (P<0.05) in the enzymes activities, total bilirubin levels and relative percentage liver weight in male and female rats. However, the percentage increments in these parameters were significantly higher (P<0.05) in females compared to the male rats. The increase in liver enzyme activities could be due to hepatocellular damage. These observations indicate that exposure to PMS blend of gasoline vapours has a significant adverse effect on the liver functional integrity in both male and female rats, and that the female rats are more vulnerable than the males. Introduction The use of gasoline in the industries and homes has rapidly increased in the recent times. In the course of usage, individuals are frequently exposed to pollutants from gasoline fuel in both outdoor and indoor environments. However, the major route of exposure is inhalation by workers during production and distribution of the fuel, and by the general public during refueling at service stations [1]. From the report, it has been estimated that more than 3.6 billion gallons of unleaded gasoline (UG) are released into the air as gasoline vapours annually, with about 40% of this amount occurring during refueling of vehicles at service stations.Generally, the overall constituents of gasoline vapours depend on the composition of the liquid gasoline, which varies with the brand and storage period. Among the brands commonly used in the United States include the blend of unleaded gasoline (UG) designated PS-6, API 91 – 01UG and the methyl tertiary butyl ether (MBTE) blended gasoline [2]. The API 91 – 01 blend of UG has been reported to contain a slightly higher percentage of saturated hydrocarbons, compared with the PS-6 blend. An estimate of 25% or more of the gasoline supply in the United State in 1995 has been reported to have been supplemented or blended with MBTE [3]. MBTE is an octane enhancer and oxygenate added to some formulations of UG to decrease air pollution in accordance with the US clean Air Act Amendment of 1990. Oxygenated gasoline typically contains about 15% of MBTE by volume, while premium gasoline generally contains 2 to 9% MBTE [3]. In Nigeria, the unleaded gasoline designated PMS (Premium Motor Spirit) is commonly used.Human health risks from intermetent, low-dose exposure to gasoline vapour is not quite consistent. To identify the potential health risk of chronic exposure to UG, American Petroleum Institute sponsored a cancer bioassay, in which B6C3F1 mice and F-344 rats were exposed to UG vapour for 6 hrs/day, 5days/week for 2 years. The results indicated that the carcinogenic effects detected were the induction of male rat kidney tumours and female mouse liver tumours. The kidney tumours were believed to result from the interaction of the metabolites of certain isoparaffinic components of UG with a male rat-specific renal protein, ?2?- globulin [4, 5]. The accumulation of this protein in proximal tubule cells may lead to cytolethality, regenerative cell proliferation and ultimately, renal cancer [6]. Other reports also indicate that UG vapours stimulate the growth of diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatic preneoplastic lesions in mice, and induce an enzyme activity associated with cytochrome P450 2B [7, 8, 9]. These reports indicate that mice are more vulnerable to the toxicity effects associated with gasoline vapours inhalation than rats, and that the male rats are affected than the females when exposed to gasoline vapours. However, our recent studies shows that the female rats are more vulnerable to the
机译：从6岁以后的雄性和雌性Wistar大鼠的血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶，天冬氨酸氨基转移酶，碱性磷酸酶和γ-谷氨酰转移酶活性，总血清胆红素水平和相对肝重百分比评估了汽油蒸气的高级运动精神（PMS）混合物的毒理学效应每天接触汽油蒸气20个小时。结果表明，雄性和雌性大鼠中，汽油蒸气使酶活性，总胆红素水平和相对肝脏重量显着增加（P <0.05）。然而，与雄性大鼠相比，雌性中这些参数的百分比增量显着更高（P <0.05）。肝酶活性的增加可能是由于肝细胞损伤。这些观察结果表明，暴露于汽油蒸气的PMS混合物对雄性和雌性大鼠的肝功能完整性均具有显着的不利影响，并且雌性大鼠比雄性大鼠更易受伤害。简介近年来，在工业和家庭中汽油的使用迅速增加。在使用过程中，个人经常在室外和室内环境中暴露于汽油燃料的污染物。然而，暴露的主要途径是在燃料的生产和分配过程中工人吸入，以及在加油站加油时公众吸入[1]。根据该报告，估计每年有超过36亿加仑的无铅汽油以汽油蒸气的形式释放到空气中，其中约40％发生在加油站的车辆加油期间。汽油蒸气的成分取决于液态汽油的成分，该成分随品牌和储存期的不同而变化。在美国，通常使用的品牌包括指定为PS-6的无铅汽油（UG），API 91 – 01UG和甲基叔丁基醚（MBTE）混合汽油[2]。据报道，与PS-6混合物相比，UG的API 91-01混合物中饱和烃的含量略高。据报道，1995年美国25％或更多的汽油供应已被MBTE补充或掺混[3]。根据1990年美国清洁空气法修正案，MBTE是辛烷值促进剂和氧合剂，被添加到某些UG配方中以减少空气污染。按体积计，氧化汽油通常包含约15％MBTE，而优质汽油通常包含2至9％ MBTE [3]。在尼日利亚，通常使用称为PMS（Premium Motor Spirit）的无铅汽油，由于相互间低剂量低剂量接触汽油蒸气对人体健康的危害并不一致。为了确定长期暴露于UG的潜在健康风险，美国石油协会发起了一项癌症生物测定法，其中B6C3F1小鼠和F-344大鼠暴露于UG蒸汽中6小时/天，5天/周，持续2年。结果表明，检测到的致癌作用是诱导雄性大鼠肾肿瘤和雌性小鼠肝肿瘤。肾肿瘤被认为是由于UG的某些异链烷烃成分的代谢产物与雄性大鼠特异性肾蛋白β2β-球蛋白的相互作用所致[4，5]。这种蛋白质在近端肾小管细胞中的积累可能导致细胞致死性，再生细胞增殖，并最终导致肾癌[6]。其他报告也表明，UG蒸气会刺激二乙基亚硝胺诱导的小鼠肝癌前病变的生长，并诱导与细胞色素P450 2B相关的酶活性[7、8、9]。这些报告表明，老鼠比老鼠更容易受到与汽油蒸气吸入有关的毒性作用，而当老鼠暴露于汽油蒸气中时，老鼠比老鼠受到的影响要大于老鼠。但是，我们最近的研究表明，雌性老鼠更容易受到

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