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首页> 外文期刊>The Internet Journal of Toxicology >Assessment of the toxicity of selected Australian native plant extracts using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay
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Assessment of the toxicity of selected Australian native plant extracts using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay

机译：使用法国大戟无节幼体生物测定法评估某些澳大利亚本土植物提取物的毒性

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Thirty nine methanolic extracts from twenty five Australian native plants were investigated for toxicity using the Artemia franciscana nauplii lethality bioassay and compared to the reference toxins potassium dichromate and Mevinphos. 7 extracts (18 %) showed marked lethality towards Artemia franciscana nauplii at 24 h, 11 extracts (28 %) at 48 h and 19 extracts (49 %) at 72 h. Of the positive controls, only Mevinphos displayed significant lethality at 24 h. Potassium dichromate treatment resulted in only approximately 10 % mortality at 24 h but induced 100% mortality by 48 h. Of the non-toxic extracts, A. aulacocarpa leaf, L. bracteata leaf, L. juniperium leaf and flower, S. australe leaf and B. celsissima leaf extracts have previously been shown to be good antibacterial agents, confirming their potential for antibiotic usage. Financial support of this work was provided by the School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Australia. Introduction Plants have long been recognised as a valuable source of medicines for treating a variety of different diseases and complaints. Most, if not all civilisations, have used plants as medicines. The use of plant natural therapeutics in Asia is wide spread, being used in the treatment of numerous disorders including eczema, malaria and respiratory disorders [1]. Africa also has a long history of medicinal plant use. For example, Phytolacca dodecandra is used as a moluscicide in the control of schistosomiasis [2]. The antitumour agent's vinblastine and vincristine (derived from Catharanthus roseus) are currently used in the treatment of a variety of tumours [3; 4]. Europe and the Americas also have a history of medicinal plant use. Studies demonstrate the myriad of medicinal plant uses by indigenous North and Central Americans [5] and South Americans [6]. Approximately 1500 medicinal plant species are currently in use in Europe [1].As a result of its isolation, Australia has a variety of unique and distinctive flora not found elsewhere in the world. Australian Aborigines used a variety of plant medicines to help maintain their health prior to European settlement [7; 8]. More than 150 plants from nearly 60 widely varied botanical families were used by Australian Aborigines as antiseptic agents [8]. Although there is enormous potential for the development of medicinal agents from Australian plants, much of our knowledge of the antimicrobial nature of Australian plants is anecdotal. Recent studies [9; 10; 11] have demonstrated the antibacterial and antifungal activity of extracts from a wide variety of Australian plants. To be medically useful as antimicrobial agents, plant preparations should be non-toxic or of low toxicity to human cells [12]. Limited information is available on the toxicity of antibacterial preparations from Australian plants. Recent studies have reported on the low toxicity of Backhousia citriodora essential oils [13] and on the toxicity of extracts from a variety of Australian plants [10] towards human cell lines. A study from this laboratory has indicated the ability of several Australian plants to act as antimicrobial agents [11]. To further assess their potential it is necessary to assess their toxicity. The Artemia franciscana nauplii (brine shrimp larvae) lethality bioassay was used in the current study. This assay has been used to examine the toxicity of a wide variety of compounds [14]. It is an efficient, inexpensive and relatively rapid way to detect toxic compounds, requiring only low amounts of sample (<20 mg). This test correlates well with cytotoxic activity of some human tumours and therefore has the potential to detect new antitumour agents [15]. Materials and Methods Plant MaterialCollection of Plant SamplesPlant samples were as previously described [11]. Briefly, Acacia aulacocarpa (leaves), Acacia complanta (leaves and flowers), Allocasuarina littoralis (leaves), Astrotricha longifolia (leaves and flowers), Banksia colina (leaves), E
机译：使用卤虫无节幼体杀伤力生物测定法研究了来自25种澳大利亚本土植物的39种甲醇提取物的毒性，并与参考毒素重铬酸钾和Mevinphos进行了比较。 7个提取物（18％）在24 h时显示出对Franciscana幼虫的致死性，在48 h时显示11种提取物（28％），在72 h时显示19种提取物（49％）。在阳性对照中，只有Mevinphos在24 h表现出明显的致死性。重铬酸钾处理在24 h时仅导致约10％的死亡率，但在48 h时引起100％的死亡率。在无毒提取物中，Aula aucacocarpa叶，L。bracteata叶，L。juniperium叶和花，S。australe叶和B. celsissima叶提取物先前已被证明是良好的抗菌剂，证实了其使用抗生素的潜力。澳大利亚格里菲斯大学生物分子与物理科学学院为这项工作提供了财政支持。简介长期以来，人们一直认为植物是治疗各种不同疾病和不适的重要药物来源。大多数（如果不是全部）文明都使用植物作为药物。在亚洲，植物天然疗法的用途广泛，已被用于治疗多种疾病，包括湿疹，疟疾和呼吸系统疾病[1]。非洲也有使用药用植物的悠久历史。例如，疫霉在控制血吸虫病中被用作杀虫剂[2]。目前，抗肿瘤剂的长春碱和长春新碱（源自长春花）可用于治疗多种肿瘤[3; 4]。欧洲和美洲也有药用植物的使用历史。研究表明，北美和中美洲土著[5]和南美[6]大量使用药用植物。欧洲目前正在使用约1500种药用植物[1]。由于其被隔离，澳大利亚拥有世界上其他地方未发现的各种独特而独特的植物。在欧洲定居之前，澳大利亚原住民使用了多种植物药来帮助维持其健康[7; 8]。澳大利亚原住民将近60个种类繁多的植物科的150多种植物用作防腐剂[8]。尽管从澳大利亚植物中开发药物的潜力巨大，但我们对澳大利亚植物的抗菌性质的许多知识都是轶事。最近的研究[9; 10; [11]证明了多种澳大利亚植物提取物的抗菌和抗真菌活性。为了在医学上用作抗菌剂，植物制剂应对人体细胞无毒或低毒[12]。关于来自澳大利亚植物的抗菌制剂的毒性的信息有限。最近的研究报道了柠檬倒Back香精油的低毒性[13]，以及多种澳大利亚植物提取物[10]对人细胞系的毒性。该实验室的一项研究表明，几种澳大利亚植物都具有充当抗菌剂的能力[11]。为了进一步评估其潜力，必须评估其毒性。目前研究使用了卤虫幼虫致死性生物测定法。该测定法已用于检查多种化合物的毒性[14]。它是检测有毒化合物的有效，廉价且相对快速的方法，仅需少量样品（<20 mg）即可。该测试与某些人类肿瘤的细胞毒性活性密切相关，因此具有检测新抗肿瘤药的潜力[15]。材料和方法植物样品的植物材料收集植物样品如前所述[11]。简而言之，相思树（叶子），金合欢（叶子和花朵），Allocasuarina littoralis（叶子），Astrotricha longifolia（叶子和花朵），Banksia colina（叶子），E

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