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Toxicity of Datura alba leaf extract to aphids and ants

机译：曼陀罗叶提取物对蚜虫和蚂蚁的毒性

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Datura alba, is a medicinal plant that belongs to the family of solonaceae. In the Indian subcontinent, indigenous medical practitioners use extracts of this plant to treat various inflammatory diseases. Ants and Aphids were chosen as an experimental model as they were common insecticides for local farmers in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyse the inorganic and organic contents in the leaf of Datura alba and to investigate the acute toxicity at varying concentrations on aphids and black ants. We determined the calcium, magnesium and phosphorous in the ionic state quantitatively and carried out screening tests and solvent extraction using chloroform and petroleum ether to find out the presence of organic groups such as alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins and cardiac-glycosides. The concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ and PO43? were found to be (3.17 ± 0.02) × 104, (3.37 ± 0.01) × 104, (1.38 ± 0.004) × 104 and (4.20 ± 0.03) × 104 ppm respectively. The screening tests confirmed the presence of alkaloids and steroids or terpenoids and the absence of saponins, cardiac glycosides and flavanoids. Increasing concentrations of the plant extracts (2500-15000 ppm) were added to ants (n = 10) and aphids (n = 10) in an experimental chamber. After 10 minutes of exposure, the numbers of live insects were counted. The results showed the EC50 value was 12000 ppm for aphids and 11600 ppm for ants. Percentage mortality increased from 20-60% with increasing concentrations. Our results indicated that extract of Datura alba leaves at higher concentrations was more toxic it can be used as an insecticide against aphids and black ants. Introduction Medicinal plants have emerged as some of the most widely studied plants and significant interest has been shown in their chemistry because of their potential application in medicine [1,2,3]. Many of these medicinal plants contain chemical constituents that could cause harmful effects to human if taken in large quantities. Alkaloids occurring in a large amount make these plants poisonous [4]. Large quantity of oxalic acid, a proto plasmic poison in the form of oxalates of calcium, sodium and potassium also produces poisoning [5,6,7].Some of these plants are poisonous to insects and pests [8,9,10]. There is a necessity to find cheap insecticides for the diverse needs of agriculture, destruction of house holds pests and prevention of vectors of diseases such as malaria in developing countries such as Sri Lanka and India. Plant based insecticides [11,12] are preferred to chemical insecticide as they have little or no negative effect on the agricultural environment [13]. At present, there is not much knowledge of these plant based insecticides in the literature. The evidence suggests that plants containing a high percentage of rotenone [14], powdered young leaves and twigs of Javanica (Blume) and nepalenis (Benn) are used to kill mosquito Larvae [15].In a quest to identify a plant based insecticide in this study we investigate the toxic effects of Datura alba, an indigenous medical plant used in ancient Indian medical system. Datura alba, which is under the family of solanaceae, is one of the most useful medicinal plant used in treating asthma, muscle spasm, whooping cough, skin ulcers etc [16]. This plant grows in warmer parts of the world particularly in South and Southeast Asia including India and Sri Lanka. This annual herb is bushy, smooth, fetid, 0.5 to 1.2 m in height also attaining 6 feet or more in rich soils. The leaves are 18 cm long and the flowers are white in colour (Figure 1). Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits) are used for different purposes in medicine [17].
机译：曼陀罗（Datura alba）是一种属于茄科的药用植物。在印度次大陆，土著医学从业者使用这种植物的提取物来治疗各种炎症性疾病。选择蚂蚁和蚜虫作为实验模型，因为它们是斯里兰卡当地农民的常见杀虫剂。因此，本研究的目的是分析曼陀罗叶中的无机和有机物含量，并研究不同浓度对蚜虫和黑蚂蚁的急性毒性。我们定量测定了离子态的钙，镁和磷，并使用氯仿和石油醚进行了筛选测试和溶剂萃取，以找出有机基团（如生物碱，类黄酮，皂苷和强心苷）的存在。 Ca2 +，Mg2 +，Fe3 +和PO43？的浓度分别为（3.17±0.02）×104，（3.37±0.01）×104，（1.38±0.004）×104和（4.20±0.03）×104 ppm。筛选测试证实了生物碱和类固醇或类萜的存在，以及皂苷，强心苷和类黄酮的存在。在实验室内，将浓度不断增加的植物提取物（2500-15000 ppm）添加到蚂蚁（n = 10）和蚜虫（n = 10）中。暴露10分钟后，计数活昆虫的数量。结果显示，蚜虫的EC50值为12000 ppm，蚂蚁的EC50值为11600 ppm。随着浓度的增加，死亡率百分比从20-60％增加。我们的结果表明，较高浓度的曼陀罗叶提取物具有更高的毒性，可以用作蚜虫和黑蚂蚁的杀虫剂。引言药用植物已经成为一些研究最广泛的植物，由于其在医学中的潜在应用，人们对其化学也表现出了极大的兴趣[1,2,3]。这些药用植物中很多都含有化学成分，如果大量摄入这些化学成分可能会对人体造成有害影响。大量存在的生物碱使这些植物有毒[4]。草酸，一种以钙，钠和钾的草酸盐形式存在的原生质毒物，也会产生中毒[5,6,7]。其中一些植物对昆虫和害虫有毒[8,9,10]。在斯里兰卡和印度等发展中国家，有必要寻找廉价的杀虫剂，以满足农业的各种需求，销毁房屋中的有害生物并预防疟疾等疾病的传播媒介。基于植物的杀虫剂[11,12]优于化学杀虫剂，因为它们对农业环境几乎没有负面影响[13]。目前，在文献中对这些基于植物的杀虫剂了解不足。有证据表明，含有较高比例的鱼藤酮[14]，粉状幼叶和爪哇（Blume）和尼泊尔ne（Nepalenis（Benn）的细枝）的植物可用于杀死蚊子幼虫[15]。这项研究我们调查了曼陀罗（Datura alba）的毒性作用，曼陀罗是古代印度医疗系统中使用的本土药用植物。茄科的白曼陀罗是用于治疗哮喘，肌肉痉挛，百日咳，皮肤溃疡等的最有用的药用植物之一[16]。这种植物生长在世界上较温暖的地区，特别是在南亚和东南亚，包括印度和斯里兰卡。这种一年生草本植物丛生，光滑，肥大，高0.5至1.2 m，在肥沃的土壤中也能达到6英尺或以上。叶子长18厘米，花朵为白色（图1）。植物的各个部分（叶子，种子，根和果实）在医学上用于不同目的[17]。

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