Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Nigerian Indigenous Chicken in Sokoto State Northwestern Nigeria.

Mohammed D. Salihu; Abdulkadir U. Junaidu; Steven I. Oboegbulem; Godwin O. Egwu; Abdullahi A. Magaji; Mikaeel B. Abubakar; Ajeibi Ogbole

摘要

The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Nigerian indigenous chickens and to characterize the isolated strains using phenotypic methods and biotyping. Of the 866 samples collected 672(77.6%) were campylobacter positive. A total of 828 strains of Campylobacter spp were isolated which were identified using biochemical methods. The species identified from the study were C. jejuni 556(67.2%); C. coli 179(21.6%); C. lari 62(7.5%) and C. upsaliensis 31(3.7%). The biotyping of isolates yielded C. jejuni (biotype I, 355(63.9%); biotype II, 139(25.0%); biotype III, 54(9.7%) and 8(1.4%) for biotype IV); C. coli (biotype I, 102(57.0%) and biotype II, 77(43.0 %)) and C. lari (biotype I, 37 (59.7%) and biotype II, 25(40.3%)). The study has demonstrated the carriage of Campylobacter in Nigerian indigenous chicken. The role of the Nigeria indigenous chicken in the transmission of the campylobacter is unknown, but the frequency with which birds are associated with these organisms suggests that they may have an important role in their dissemination. Introduction Campylobacter spp are recognized worldwide as the major cause of human enteritis (Hascelik et al. 1991: Pearson and Healing, 1992: Taylor, 1992: Logan et al.1999). Although several animal species have been shown to carry campylobacters and a variety of vehicles of human infection have been demonstrated (Garcia et al. 1983: Atabay and Corry, 1997, 1998; Ridsdale et al. 1998, 1999). Avian carriage of Campylobacter has been regarded as a potential hazard to human health, either through consumption of undercooked carcass or by contamination of water supplies (Skirrow, 1994: Varslot et al. 1996). A wide variety of avian species, including domestic chickens, turkeys, ducks, pigeons, quail, waterfowls, geese and ostriches, habour Campylobacter spp (Pacha et al. 1988: Yogasundram et al1989: oyarzabal et al. 1995; Aydin et al. 2001: Broman et al. 2004). However, they are unevenly distributed among species, and the feeding behaviour of birds has been shown to influence the Campylobacter colonization rate (Waldenstrom et al. 2002).The Nigerian indigenous chickens are raised on a small in most households in rural and semi-urban areas of Northwestern Nigeria. The chickens are reared as free range and may therefore; contaminate water and the surrounding environment. Their habits bring them into close contact with human, grazing animals and even dogs and cats. They may constitute a potential public health risk in relation to Campylobacter infections in humans and animals. The study was therefore conducted to determine the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter and their biotypes in Nigeria indigenous chicken. Materials and Methods Between December, 2007 and November, 2008, 866 indigenous chickens were sampled across the state for Campylobacter spp. Feacal material was obtained from the chicken by cloacal swab. The feacal material so obtained was placed directly into Amies transport medium (Oxoid, CM425) and transported to the laboratory immediately. At the laboratory the transport broth were incubated at 37oC for 72h before subculture to mCCDA (modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar; Oxoid, CM739 plus SR155) and incubated at 42oC for 72h microaerobically (CampyGen; oxoid; CN35A) in an anaerobic jar, and were examined after 24, 48 and 72h incubation. Suspect colonies were Gram stained and tested for the production of oxidase and catalase. Colonies giving reaction typical for Campylobacter were purified by streaking onto blood agar. All the isolates were characterized using standard Campylobacter phenotypic identification procedures described by Atabay and Corry (1997), such as hippurate hydrolysis, rapid production of hydrogen sulphide DNA hydrolysis, aerobic growth at 37oC, microaerobic growth at 37oC and 43oC.Biotyping of isolates was carried out using the extending biotyping scheme of Lior, (1984). The scheme is based on hippurate hydrolysis; rapid

机译：进行研究以确定弯曲杆菌属的流行。并使用表型方法和生物分型对分离的菌株进行鉴定。在收集的866个样本中，有672个（77.6％）是弯曲杆菌阳性。分离出总共828株弯曲杆菌属菌株，其使用生化方法鉴定。从研究中鉴定出的物种为空肠弯曲杆菌556（67.2％）。大肠杆菌179（21.6％）; C. lari 62（7.5％）和C. upsaliensis 31（3.7％）。分离株的生物分型产生空肠弯曲杆菌（I型，355（63.9％）; II型，139（25.0％）; III型，54（9.7％），8型（1.4％）。大肠杆菌（生物型I，102（57.0％）和生物型II，77（43.0％））和拉里梭菌（生物型I，37（59.7％）和生物型25，（40.3％））。研究表明，弯曲菌在尼日利亚本土鸡中携带。尼日利亚本土鸡在弯曲杆菌传播中的作用尚不清楚，但鸟类与这些生物的关联频率表明它们可能在传播中起重要作用。引言弯曲杆菌属菌是全世界公认的人类肠炎的主要原因（Hascelik等，1991：Pearson and Healing，1992：Taylor，1992：Logan等，1999）。尽管已经显示出几种动物携带弯曲杆菌，并且已经证明了多种人类感染媒介（Garcia等，1983：Atabay和Corry，1997，1998; Ridsdale等，1998，1999）。通过食用未煮熟的carriage体或污染水源，弯曲杆菌的禽类运输已被视为对人体健康的潜在危害（Skirrow，1994：Varslot等，1996）。各种各样的鸟类，包括家禽，火鸡，鸭，鸽子，鹌鹑，水禽，鹅和鸵鸟，弯曲杆菌属（Pacha等，1988; Yogasundram等，1989：oyarzabal等，1995; Aydin等，2001）：Broman等人，2004）。但是，它们在物种之间分布不均，并且已经证明鸟类的摄食行为会影响弯曲杆菌的定殖率（Waldenstrom等人2002）。在农村和半城市化的大多数家庭中，尼日利亚土著鸡只饲养在一小部分尼日利亚西北部地区。将鸡作为自由放养饲养，因此可以;污染水和周围环境。他们的习惯使他们与人类，放牧的动物甚至狗和猫紧密接触。与人类和动物的弯曲杆菌感染有关，它们可能构成潜在的公共健康风险。因此，进行了该研究以确定嗜热弯曲杆菌及其生物型在尼日利亚本土鸡中的流行。材料和方法在2007年12月至2008年11月之间，从全州采样了866头土鸡用于弯曲杆菌属。通过泄殖腔拭子从鸡获得粪便材料。将如此获得的粪便直接放入Amies转运介质（Oxoid，CM425）中，并立即转运到实验室。在实验室中，将运输肉汤在37oC下孵育72h，然后再传代至mCCDA（改性木炭头孢哌酮脱氧胆酸盐琼脂; Oxoid，CM739加SR155），并在厌氧罐中于42oC微厌氧（CampyGen; Oxoid; CN35A）孵育72h，孵育24、48和72h后检查。对可疑菌落进行革兰氏染色，并测试其氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的产生。通过在血琼脂上划线纯化产生弯曲杆菌典型反应的菌落。使用Atabay和Corry（1997）描述的标准弯曲杆菌表型鉴定程序对所有分离株进行表征，例如马尿酸盐水解，快速生成硫化氢DNA水解，37°C有氧生长，37°C和43°C有氧生长。使用Lior（1984）的扩展生物分型方案。该方案基于马尿酸盐水解;快速

Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Nigerian Indigenous Chicken in Sokoto State Northwestern Nigeria.

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