Haematological Reaction Of Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Juveniles Exposed To Tetrapleura Tetraptera Leaf Powder

Temitope Jegede

摘要

Acute toxicity of Tetraplura tetraptera leaf powder on Clarias gariepinus juveniles (46.68±0.62g) was conducted using static bioassay tests over a period of 96 hour. The range finding test was conducted to determine the lethal concentration of the botanical on C. gariepinus juveniles and was found to induce varying behavioral response in the fish. The 96 h median lethal concentration, LC50 of 1.60 g L-1 was determined graphically. Percentage mortality of the test organisms followed a regular pattern, increasing with decreasing concentration. Prior to death, fish exhibited marked behavioural changes like hyperventilation, erratic swimming (vertical/spiral uncoordinated swimming movement), irregular operculum and tail frequencies, loss of reflex and settling at the bottom. Haematological analysis carried out after experiment showed significant haematological variations, the Pack Cell Volume (PCV), White Blood Cell (WBC), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Platelet and Lymphocyte decreases as concentration of Tetrapleura tetraptera leaf dust increases. The Dissolved oxygen (DO2), pH and temperature values of the water were within tolerable limits for fish culture. INTRODUCTION The use of ichtyotoxic plants for capturing fish is a common practice worldwide (Ayotunde et al., 2011).Fisher folks in Africa extensively use plants and plant products for capturing fish (Neuwinger, 2004; Fafioye et al., 2004). Indiscriminate use of these natural biocides in Nigeria water bodies is now increasing at an alarming rate (Fafioye et al., 2004). Fish farmers and fisher folks haphazardly use various kinds and parts of these plants due to their narcotic, pesticidal and molluscidal properties in other to stupefy fish for easy catch also to clean up the aquatic ecosystems off some pests (Ologe and Sogbesan 2007).Studies have been conducted on the response of fish to some plant toxicants ( Jegede and Olanrewaju 2012; Olufayo 2009; Fafioye et al 2004; Wade et al., 2002; Ayuba and Ofojekwu, 2002; Ufodike and Omoregie, 1994; Omoregie and Okpanachi, 1992; Omoregie and Ufodike, 1994); but the piscicidal effect of Tetrapleura tetraptera leaf powder on fish has not been given much attention.Tetrapleura tetraptera is a species of flowering plant in the pea family native to Western Africa, (Steentoft 1988). The plant is called Prekese in the Twi language of Ghana, (Osei-tutu et al., 2011)Tetrapleura tetraptera belongs to the family Fabaceae, commonly known as Aridan in the south-western Nigeria (Aladesanmi 2007). It is a single stemmed, robust, perennial tree of about 30m. It has a grey-brown, smooth-rough bark with glabrous branchlets. The flower is yellow or pink and racemes is white, while the fruit is dark brown, with four winged pods 25 x 6.5cm. It is generally found in the lowland forest of tropical Africa. The fruit consists of a fleshy pulp with small, brownish-black seeds. The fruit possesses a pungent aromatic odour, which is attributed to its insect repellent property (Aladesanmi 2007). It is used as spices and aroma (exotic tropical scents) and fish poisoning. Tetrapleura tetraptera is a known piscicides (Fafioye 2005) and a molluscicides (Lekana-Douki et al., 2011; Aladesanmi 2007; Adewunmi 2001).The leave contains active ingredients like aridanin, tannins, flavonoids, umbelliferone and ferulic acid (Aladesanmi 2007).Clariid catfish constitute the main food fish family of economic value in Africa (Adebayo and Fagbenro 2004).It’s one of the vital genera in the family Clariidae. Clarias gariepinus is the most cultured fish in Nigeria and indeed Africa and the third in the world (Haylor 1992).It is hardy: due to the presence of arborescent air breathing organ, omnivorous feeding habit, better growth rate, better feed conversion, ability to withstand adverse environmental condition, high fecundity and ease of culture (Hecht et al., 1996). The fish is of a high demand because of its high quality and better taste of its flesh (Sogbesan and Ugwumba, 2008). Hence thi

机译：使用静态生物测定测试，在四个小时内对四生四叶蝉叶粉对Clarias gariepinus幼鱼（46.68±0.62g）进行了急性毒性试验。进行了范围发现测试，以确定植物对C. gariepinus幼鱼的致死浓度，并发现其在鱼中引起不同的行为反应。以图形方式确定了96小时的中位致死浓度LC50为1.60 g L-1。测试生物的死亡率百分比呈规律性分布，并随着浓度的降低而增加。在死亡之前，鱼表现出明显的行为变化，例如过度换气，不稳定的游泳（垂直/螺旋不协调的游泳运动），盖和尾巴频率不规则，反射丧失和在底部沉降。实验后进行的血液学分析显示，随着四肢四叶蕨叶粉尘浓度的增加，包装细胞体积（PCV），白细胞（WBC），红细胞（RBC），血小板和淋巴细胞的血液学变化显着。水的溶解氧（DO2），pH和温度值在鱼类养殖的容许范围内。引言在世界范围内，使用鱼腥毒素植物捕获鱼类是一种普遍的做法（Ayotunde等，2011）。非洲的渔民广泛使用植物和植物产品捕获鱼类（Neuwinger，2004; Fafioye等，2004）。这些天然杀生物剂在尼日利亚水域的滥用正在以惊人的速度增加（Fafioye等，2004）。养鱼户和渔民随意使用这些植物的各种种类和部分，因为它们具有麻醉，杀虫和杀软体动物的特性，它们愚蠢地使鱼类易于捕捞，还可以清除一些害虫的水生生态系统（Ologe和Sogbesan 2007）。关于鱼类对某些植物毒物的反应进行的研究（Jegede and Olanrewaju 2012; Olufayo 2009; Fafioye et al 2004; Wade et al。，2002; Ayuba and Ofojekwu，2002; Ufodike and Omoregie，1994; Omoregie and Okpanachi，1992; Omoregie和Ufodike，1994年）;但是四足藜叶粉对鱼类的杀虫作用并未引起足够的重视。四足藜是西非本地豌豆科的一种开花植物（Steentoft 1988）。该植物在加纳的Twi语言中被称为Prekese（Osei-tutu et al。，2011）。四足纲（Tetrapleura tetraptera）属于Fabaceae科，在尼日利亚西南部通常被称为Aridan（Aladesanmi 2007）。它是一棵长约30m的单茎，结实的多年生树。它有一个灰棕色，光滑粗糙的树皮，上面有无毛的小枝。花是黄色或粉红色的，总状花序是白色的，而果实是深棕色的，有四个有翼的豆荚25 x 6.5cm。通常在热带非洲的低地森林中发现。果实由肉质果肉和小的棕黑色种子组成。果实具有刺激性的芳香气味，这归因于其驱虫特性（Aladesanmi 2007）。它被用作香料和香气（热带异味）和鱼中毒。四足藜（Tetrapleura tetraptera）是已知的杀虫剂（Fafioye 2005）和杀软体动物剂（Lekana-Douki等人，2011; Aladesanmi 2007; Adewunmi 2001），该假叶中含有活性成分如花生四烯，单宁，类黄酮，伞形酮和阿魏酸（Aladesanmi 2007）。 Cl鱼是非洲经济价值最高的食用鱼科（Adebayo and Fagbenro 2004），是Cl科重要的属之一。 Clarias gariepinus是尼日利亚乃至非洲和世界第三的养殖最多的鱼类（Haylor 1992）。由于树状呼吸器官的存在，杂食性习惯，更好的生长速度，更好的饲料转化能力可以承受恶劣的环境条件，高繁殖力和易于培养的特性（Hecht等，1996）。鱼的质量高，肉质好，因此需求很高（Sogbesan和Ugwumba，2008年）。因此这

Haematological Reaction Of Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Juveniles Exposed To Tetrapleura Tetraptera Leaf Powder

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