Winter Fat Storage and Vertical Microenvironmental Gradients: Experimental Test of an Alternative Hypothesis

Christopher M. Rogers

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Winter Fat Storage and Vertical Microenvironmental Gradients: Experimental Test of an Alternative Hypothesis

机译：冬季脂肪储存和垂直微环境梯度：替代假设的实验测试

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Cost-benefit optimal body mass models have become a cornerstone of behavioral ecology of the nonbreedingperiod of birds, and make the prediction that fat will increase with increasing deterioration of feeding conditions. Tests ofthis prediction have relied on comparing fat stores of birds along a vertical height gradient of resource unpredictability(greater snowfall nearer the ground), and lower fat levels in tree-feeders compared with ground-feeders supported the predictionin previous studies. Alternatively, as predation risk is often cited as a cost of fat storage, lower fat stores may becaused by greater predation risk higher in the vertical resource gradient compared with the ground microenvironment.Among three species of tree-feeding birds wintering in south-central Kansas, foraging birds frequently preferred a highersunflower feeder over a similar lower one, with blind and microenvironmental effects considered indirectly. Interspecificdominance rank was significantly and positively correlated with body size. Social dominants frequently displaced subordinatesfrom the higher to the lower feeder. Thus a minimum of fat in tree-feeding species that can be explained by predictableresources (low snowfall), not high costs, underscoring the low benefit to fat in this winter foraging guild. Futureresource-based tests of optimal fat models will need to measure both costs and benefits of fat in different winter foragingguilds.

机译：成本效益最佳体重模型已成为鸟类非繁殖期行为生态学的基石，并做出了随着摄食条件恶化而脂肪增加的预测。对该预测的测试依赖于在资源不可预测性（靠近地面的更大降雪）的垂直高度梯度上比较鸟类的脂肪储藏量，并且与以前的研究相比，与地面饲养者相比，树木饲养者的脂肪含量较低。另外，由于掠食风险经常被认为是脂肪储存的成本，因此与地面微环境相比，垂直资源梯度中较高的更大捕食风险可能是脂肪减少的原因之一。在堪萨斯中南部越冬的三种树食鸟类，觅食的鸟类通常更喜欢使用较高的向日葵喂食器，而不是类似的较低的向日葵喂食器，而间接地考虑了盲目和微环境的影响。种间优势等级与体型显着正相关。社会支配者经常使下属从上流社会转移到下流社会。因此，可以通过可预测的资源（低降雪）而不是高成本来解释树木采食物种中的最低脂肪，强调了在这个冬季觅食行会中对脂肪的益处较低。基于未来资源的最佳脂肪模型测试需要衡量不同冬季觅食行会中脂肪的成本和收益。

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《The Open Ornithology Journal》 |2008年第1期|共7页
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Christopher M. Rogers;
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1. The feasibility of testing experimentally the dietary fat-breast cancer hypothesis [J] . NF Boyd, M Cousins, G Lockwood, British Journal of Cancer . 1990,第6期

机译：实验检验饮食性脂肪-乳腺癌假说的可行性
2. The role of ultraviolet radiation in the diel vertical migration of zooplankton: an experimental test of the transparency-regulator hypothesis [J] . Leach Taylor H., Williamson Craig E., Theodore Nora, Journal of plankton research . 2015,第5期

机译：紫外线在浮游动物diel垂直迁移中的作用：透明调节剂假设的实验测试
3. In vivo test of the vertical phase separation hypothesis: the display of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on membranes of B cells from mice fed high-fat diets [J] . Shaikh SR, Boyle S, Hua J, The British Journal of Nutrition . 2009,第6期

机译：垂直相分离假说的体内试验：高脂饮食小鼠的B细胞膜上显示主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）I类分子
4. A New Testing Procedure with A Random Alternative on Hypothesis Testing [C] . Tan Yili, Zhang Tuo, Wan Xinghuo . 2010

机译：假设检验的随机选择新检验程序
5. A human experimental model to test Harrington's hypothesis that psychometric procedures generate systematic test bias against minorities. [D] . Fan, Xitao. 1993

机译：一个人类实验模型，用于检验Harrington的假设，即心理测验程序会产生针对少数群体的系统性测试偏见。
6. The feasibility of testing experimentally the dietary fat-breast cancer hypothesis. [O] . N. F. Boyd, M. Cousins, G. Lockwood, 1990

机译：通过实验测试饮食中脂肪-乳腺癌假设的可行性。
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. 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The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。

Winter Fat Storage and Vertical Microenvironmental Gradients: Experimental Test of an Alternative Hypothesis

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