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首页> 外文期刊>The Open Ornithology Journal >Immunocompetence and Parasitism in Nestlings from Wild Populations
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Immunocompetence and Parasitism in Nestlings from Wild Populations

机译：野生种群雏鸟的免疫能力和寄生性

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Nestling is a defenceless stage in the life of birds in several ways. For instance, the possibilities to escape infection and infestation by several parasitic diseases are greatly reduced in nestlings. This fact implies that a number of strategies and counter strategies could evolve in hosts to avoid parasites and in parasites to locate and exploit young hosts. An increasing number of nestlings in a nest may support more parasites and thus increase competition between siblings to avoid parasitism. In addition, parental effort may vary in the presence of parasites resulting in different effects of parasitism on nestlings. Moreover, nestling investment in immunity may increase in the presence of parasites at least up to a limit marked by the ability of parents to get resources for their nestlings. In this respect, the transfer of immunoglobulins and other resources from the female parent to eggs may be of considerable importance during the first days of nestlings' life. However, increased parental activity may also attract more parasites to the nest. A recent work using a metaanalytical approach suggests that parasite-induced nestling mortality in birds is mainly determined by geographical location and to a smaller extent nest site and parasite prevalence. The na?μ￥ immune system of nestlings and the difficulties to avoid infection once the nest has been located, imply a high potential impact of parasites on nestlings. Thus parasites could cause an important reduction of host population productivity through their effects on nestlings.
机译：雏鸟在鸟类生活中有多种防御方式。例如，在雏鸟中大大减少了逃脱几种寄生虫感染和侵扰的可能性。这一事实意味着，可以在宿主中发展许多策略和反策略来避免寄生虫，而在寄生虫中可以找到并利用年轻宿主。巢中越来越多的雏鸟可能会支持更多的寄生虫，因此会增加兄弟姐妹之间的竞争以避免寄生虫。此外，由于寄生虫的存在，父母的努力可能会有所不同，导致寄生虫对雏鸟的影响不同。此外，在存在寄生虫的情况下，对雏鸟的免疫投资可能会增加，至少达到父母为雏鸟获得资源的能力所标记的极限。在这方面，将免疫球蛋白和其他资源从雌性母体转移到卵子在雏鸟出生的头几天可能具有相当重要的意义。但是，父母活动的增加也可能将更多的寄生虫吸引到巢中。最近一项使用荟萃分析方法的研究表明，寄生虫在鸟类中引起的雏鸟死亡率主要由地理位置决定，在较小程度上取决于鸟巢的位置和寄生虫的患病率。雏鸟的自然免疫系统以及一旦筑巢就很难避免感染，这意味着寄生虫对雏鸟的潜在影响很大。因此，寄生虫可能通过影响雏鸟而导致寄主种群生产力的显着下降。

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