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首页> 外文期刊>The Open Ornithology Journal >Three Different North American Siskin/Goldfinch Evolutionary Radiations (Genus Carduelis): Pine Siskin Green Morphs and European Siskins in America
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Three Different North American Siskin/Goldfinch Evolutionary Radiations (Genus Carduelis): Pine Siskin Green Morphs and European Siskins in America

机译：三种不同的北美Siskin / Goldfinch进化辐射（属Carduelis）：美国的Pine Siskin绿色形态和欧洲Siskins

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Three separate and parallel North American Carduelis evolutionary radiations have been identified. North American siskin radiation (starting about 2.7 million years ago) comprises siskin, Antillean siskin, black-capped siskin, pine siskin and pine siskin perplexus. C. spinus could have passed to America through the Beringia or Greenland coast and, during Pliocene Epoch, reached the Antilles and evolved into Antillean siskin (C. dominicensis), endemic to Hispaniola Island. It is ancestor of pine siskin. Pine Siskin, also a sister taxon of C. spinus, thrives in North America from Alaska to Guatemala since about 0.2 MYA. It lives below the Mexican Isthmus in the highlands from northern Chiapas (Mexico) to western Guatemala. Black-capped siskin (C. atri-ceps) is a sister species of C. spinus, with which it shares habitat and territory. C. pinus green-backed morphs may have been mis-taken by C. atriceps which is a grey-backed finch. Mesoamerican goldfinch radiation (starting about 5 million years ago) includes C. tristis (American goldfinch), C. psaltria (lesser goldfinch) and C. lawrencei (Lawrence's goldfinch). They all thrive in west-ern United States and Mexico, down to northern South America. C. psaltria is a North American bird that colonized South American habitats to North Peru and evolved into darker head and back while going southwards. South American siskin radiation started about 3.5 million years ago; parental C. notata thrives in Mexican mountains and successfully colonized South America, giv-ing rise to this radiation. South American Carduelis radiation occurred only when mesothermal plants from the Rocky Mountains invaded the Andean spine after emergence of the Panama Isthmus.
机译：已经确定了三个独立且平行的北美Carduelis进化辐射。北美siskin辐射（始于约270万年前）包括siskin，Antillean siskin，黑顶siskin，松树siskin和松树siskin perplexus。 C. spinus可能已经通过白令海峡或格陵兰海岸传到了美国，并且在上新世时代到达了安的列斯群岛，并演变成安提列斯siskin（C. dominicensis），是伊斯帕尼奥拉岛的特有物种。它是松树siskin的祖先。派恩·西斯金（Pine Siskin）也是梭状芽胞杆菌的姊妹分类群，自约0.2 MYA起在北美从阿拉斯加到危地马拉蓬勃发展。它生活在从恰帕斯州北部（墨西哥）到危地马拉西部的高地的墨西哥地峡下面。黑冠siskin（C. atri-ceps）是C. spinus的姊妹物种，与它共享栖息地和领土。 C.松绿色支持的形态可能被C. atriceps误认为是灰色支持的雀科。中美洲的金翅雀辐射（大约在500万年前开始）包括C. tristis（美国金翅雀），C。psaltria（小金翅雀）和C.lawrencei（Lawrence的金翅雀）。他们都在美国西部和墨西哥蓬勃发展，直到南美洲北部。 C. psaltria是一种北美鸟类，它在南美栖息地定居到北秘鲁，并在向南移动时演变成较黑的头和背。南美siskin辐射始于约350万年前。父母C. notata在墨西哥山上壮成长，并成功地在南美定居，这使这种辐射得以兴起。仅当落地山脉出现后，来自落基山脉的中温植物才入侵安第斯山脉，才发生南美Carduelis辐射。

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