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Amino acids in the regulation of aging and aging-related diseases

机译:氨基酸在调节衰老和衰老相关疾病中的作用

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Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, but also play important cellular signaling roles. The mechanisms through which altered levels of many amino acids are sensed and the signals transmitted are still largely unknown. Increasing evidence is showing that these signals may influence the aging process. In this regard, methionine restriction appears to be an evolutionary conserved mechanism to delay aging and supplementation with glycine can mimic methionine restriction to extend lifespan in rodents. Tryptophan restriction may also activate specific anti-aging pathways, but it could interfere with cognitive function. With exercise the consumption of dietary branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) may be beneficial in building muscle mass, but high levels of BCAAs as well as tyrosine and phenylalanine in the bloodstream are associated with metabolic disease such as insulin resistance. Individual supplementation or restriction of several different amino acids has shown promise in the treatment of insulin resistance in rodents. Much progress regarding the effects of amino acids on longevity has been made using yeast, nematodes, and fruit flies. Clearly, much more research is needed to understand the signaling pathways activated by amino acid imbalance before efficacious and well-tolerated dietary interventions can be developed for human aging and aging-related disorders. In this review the mechanisms through which altered dietary and cellular levels of the twenty proteogenic amino acids affect aging or aging-related disorders are discussed.
机译:氨基酸是蛋白质的组成部分,但也起重要的细胞信号传导作用。许多氨基酸水平改变的感觉机制以及所传递的信号仍然未知。越来越多的证据表明,这些信号可能会影响老化过程。在这方面,蛋氨酸的限制似乎是延缓衰老的进化保守机制,补充甘氨酸可以模仿蛋氨酸的限制以延长啮齿类动物的寿命。色氨酸限制也可能激活特定的抗衰老途径,但可能会干扰认知功能。通过锻炼,食用饮食中的支链氨基酸(BCAA)可能有益于增强肌肉质量,但是血液中高水平的BCAA以及酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸与代谢性疾病(如胰岛素抵抗)有关。在啮齿动物的胰岛素抵抗治疗中,单独补充或限制几种不同的氨基酸已显示出希望。使用酵母,线虫和果蝇,在氨基酸对寿命的影响方面已取得了很多进展。显然,需要更多的研究来了解由氨基酸失衡激活的信号传导途径,然后才能为人类衰老和与衰老相关的疾病开发有效且耐受性良好的饮食干预措施。在这篇综述中,讨论了通过改变二十种蛋白原氨基酸的饮食和细胞水平影响衰老或与衰老相关的疾病的机制。

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