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Physiology of free radicals

机译:自由基的生理学

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Free radicals imply that every atom, molecule, ion, group of atoms, or molecules with one or several non-paired electrons in outer orbital. Among these are: nitrogenoxide (NO?), superoxide-anion-radical (O2?-), hydroxyl radical (OH?), peroxyl radical (ROO?), alcoxyl radical (RO?) and hydroperoxyl radical (HO2?). However, reactive oxygen species also include components without non-paired electrons in outer orbital (so-called reactive non-radical agents), such as: singlet oxygen (1O2), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2), hypochloric acid (eg. HOCl) and ozone (O3). High concentrations of free radicals lead to the development of oxidative stress which is a precondition for numerous pathological effects. However, low and moderate concentrations of these matter, which occur quite normally during cell metabolic activity, play multiple significant roles in many reactions. Some of these are: regulation of signal pathways within the cell and between cells, the role of chemoattractors and leukocyte activators, the role in phagocytosis, participation in maintaining, changes in the position and shape of the cell, assisting the cell during adaption and recovery from damage (e.g.caused by physical effort), the role in normal cell growth, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and cell ageing, in the synthesis of essential biological compounds and energy production, as well as the contribution to the regulation of the vascular tone, actually, tissue vascularization.
机译:自由基意味着每个原子,分子,离子,原子团或在外轨道上具有一个或几个不成对电子的分子。其中有:氮氧化物(NO 2),超氧化物阴离子基(O 2-),羟基(OH 2),过氧自由基(ROO 3),烷氧基(RO 2)和氢过氧自由基(HO 2-)。但是,活性氧还包括在外部轨道中没有不成对电子的组分(所谓的活性非自由基剂),例如:单线态氧(1O2),过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO-),过氧化氢(H2O2),次氯酸酸(例如,HOCl)和臭氧(O3)。高浓度的自由基导致氧​​化应激的发展,这是许多病理作用的前提。但是,这些物质的中低浓度(在细胞代谢活动中通常会发生)在许多反应中起着多种重要作用。其中一些是:调节细胞内和细胞之间的信号通路,趋化因子和白细胞激活剂的作用,吞噬作用,参与维持,改变细胞的位置和形状,在适应和恢复过程中协助细胞损伤(例如,由于体力劳动引起的),在正常细胞生长,程序性细胞死亡(凋亡)和细胞老化中的作用,必需生物化合物的合成和能量产生以及对调节血管紧张度的贡献,实际上是组织血管化。

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